Table 1.2: Audi A4 vs. Mazda3: A comparison of vehicles with similar primary attributes but very di↵erent features. Adapted from [Cheah, 2010]. Year, Model 2008 Audi A4 2.0T Quattro 2006 Mazda3 s Touring Body style 4-dr sedan (seats 5) 4-dr sedan (seats 5) Wheelbase 104.3 in 103.9 in 3 3 length x width x height 180.6 x 69.8 x 56.2 in 178.7 x 69.1 x 57.7 in 3 3 Overall volume (l*w*h) 11.61 m 11.68 m Horsepower 200 hp 160 hp Power-to-weight ratio 0.057 hp/lb 0.058 hp/lb 0-60mph (est.) 9.58 sec 9.59 sec Engine displacement 2.0L I4 2.3L I4 Front head, leg room 37.9 in, 41.3 in 39.1 in, 41.9 in 3 3 Luggage capacity 13.4 ft 11.4ft City/hwy(adj.) fuel econ- 22/31 MPG 26/32 MPG omy Features 16“ wheels, AWD, power seat ad- 17“ wheels, FWD, manual justment, sunroof, heated mirrors, seat adjustment, sunroof op- dualzoneclimatecontrols, 10speak- tional ers + subwoofer, traction and stabil- ity control NHTSAcrash test ratings 4, 4, 5, 4, 4 stars 4, 4, 3, 3, 4 stars driver, passenger, side im- pact front, rear, rollover MSRP $28,900 $17,600 Curb weight 1,595 kg (3,516 lb) 1,251 kg (2,758 lb) (VVT) are tracked by the U.S. EPA, the deployment rates of these features are not strictly the product of consumer demand and automaker ability to deploy such technology. To varying degrees each of these technologies has been driven by criteria pollutant regulations. Because of this, viewing the deployment of such features in the broader context of safety regulation-driven and optional features serves to better characterize deployment of technology in the automotive fleet. 1.3 Research Objectives Thisthesis serves to address the following primary research questions described below. Mass Impact What has been the impact of safety and emissions requirements and 19