1995, pp. 284–85; Mastrocinque 1991, passim; Bottini 1987, pp. symposium in Italy, see A. Rathje, “The Adoption of the 11–12; and La Genière 1961, pp. 87–88. Homeric Banquet in Central Italy in the Orientalizing Period,” in 271. D’Ercole 2008, pp. 52–69, convincingly argues for an Ionian Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposium, ed. O. Murray working in Etruria for the Herakles and the Nemean Lion group (Oxford, 1990). The earliest representation from Italy of of circa 530–500 B.C. in Paris (Bibliothèque nationale, Cabinet feasting while reclining is the Etruscan symposiast on the lid of de Médailles, Fröhner 1146). a two-handled calyx vessel from Tomb 23 from the necropolis at Tolle, dating to circa 630–620 B.C. See G. Paolucci, ed., City 272. This has also been done by a number of University of Milan Archaeological Museum of Thermal Waters: Chianciano Terme students, noted by Negroni Catacchio 1999. (Siena, 1997), fig. 90; and Haynes 2000, p. 108. 273. Bottini 1987, p. 12, has suggested several reasons for this but 277. “A seer, or a healer of illnesses, or a carpenter who works on emphasizes the existence of a clientele capable of appreciating wood, or even an inspired singer,” named by Eumaios (Odyssey and acquiring luxury articles. Might the draw have been a 17.381–87), are four kinds of high-ranking strangers, any one of temple, cult, shrine, or healer at Canosa or Armento (see n. which (theoretically) could have been involved in aspects of 274)? amulet construction. For discussion of the passage and the translation see Nagy 1997. See also Burkert 1992, pp. 41–87. 274. On Armento as a center, see, most recently, A. Bottini, “Le ambre nella Basilicata settentrionale,” in Ambre 2007, pp. 278. Bottini 1987 discusses the figured ambers of two “princely” 232–33. tombs at Melfi-Pisciolo as being older than their (second half of the fifth century B.C.) contexts. 275. Bottini and Setari 2003; A. Bottini (pp. 541–48) and E. Setari (p. 644) in Pugliese Carratelli 1996; Bottini and Setari 1992; Bottini 279. The Eretum pendants are from Tomb XIII: see P. Santoro, and Setari 1995; Bottini and Setari 1998; and E. Pica in Treasures “Sequenza culturale della necropoli di Colle del Forno in 1998, pp. 224–25, pls. 32–33. See also E. Greco, Archeologia della Sabina,” StEtr 51 (1985): 13–37; and Losi et al. 1993, p. 203. Magna Grecia(Rome, 1992). Santoro published Tomb XIII as a child’s grave (P. Santoro, “La necropolis di Colle del Forno,” in Civiltà arcaica dei Sabini nella 276. For the amber from Tomb 102, E. Setari summarizes in Pugliese valle del Tevere [Rome, 1973], pp. 39–44), but this is not certain Carratelli 1996, p. 643: “Native craftsmanship can in no way be perLosi et al. 1993, p. 209, n. 1. excluded, but they were probably part of a palace-based activity, the work of traveling craftsmen with various cultural 280. D. Frankfurter, “Narrating Power: The Theory and Practice of origins.” E. Pica in Treasures 1998, p. 224, hypothesizes that the the Magical Historiola in Ritual Spells,” in Meyer and Mirecki amber objects “came from the shops of itinerant indigenous 1995, p. 3. artisans who reworked both colonial Greek and Etruscan- 281. D’Ercole 1995. Campanian models.” This idea is elaborated in Bottini and Setari 2003. Bottini 1987, pp. 11–12, proposes a modulated 282. Strong 1966, pp. 67–71, no. 44–3. picture: the possibility of a fixed center of production at a 283. J. M. Turfa, “Votive Offerings,” in De Grummond and Simon major center and the existence of itinerants using acquired 2006, p. 108, n. 37. She cites J.-M. Luce, “Les terres cuites de models (particularly aristocratic Greek ones) while introducing Kirrha,” in Delphes: Centenaire de la “grande fouille” réalisée par innovations. The types of drinking vessels in the Braida di l’École française d’Athènes (1892–1903), ed. J.-F. Bommelaer Vaglio necropolis indicate the acculturation of Greek rituals of (Leiden, 1992), pp. 263–75; and J. Uhlenbrock, “Terracotta wine consumption alongside native traditions. For a recent Figurines from the Demeter Sanctuary at Cyrene: Models for note on this tomb, with the wine service as possible evidence Trade,” in Cyrenaica in Antiquity, BAR International Series 236, of the Dionysian aspect of the burial, see Causey 2007. On the ed. G. Barker et al. (Oxford, 1985), pp. 297–304. Greek customs of wine drinking and the adoption of the 90 INTRODUCTION