FIGURE 2 EnergyPATHWAYS Inputs and Outputs Example for Passenger Vehicles *GGE– Gallon of gas equivalent EP simulates a detailed bottom-up representation of all the energy-consuming technologies (e.g., water heaters, air conditioning units, gasoline vehicles, EVs), and how they will change over time. As electrified applications in heat and transportation replace their fuel consuming counterparts, the model estimates how electricity and fuel demands change. EP enables the development of a comprehensive picture of electricity and fuel demands across buildings, transportation, and industry, comprising 65 subsectors of the economy, shown in Figure 3. Energy use by government, sometimes tracked as a separate sector in other SPP work, is contained within the commercial sector as one of the 12 building types. These projections, coupled with designated demand pathways (such as proportions of Full Electrification with air-source heat pumps, hybrid heating systems, or ongoing fossil fuel use), yield insights into the evolving energy needs categorized by fuel types over time. This includes detailed estimations for electricity on an hourly basis and the varying utilization of clean and fossil fuels throughout the projected period. SPP FUTURE LOAD SCENARIOS | EVOLVED ENERGY RESEARCH | 8