Empowerment. At 55.2% parity, Bangladesh 56.1% and ranks 123rd out of 146 countries. ranks seventh globally on this subindex. It has had a woman head of state for 29.3 years out of the Ethiopia ranks 75th, having closed 71.1% of last 50 years, the longest duration in the world. the gender gap. Compared to the previous However, its shares of women in ministerial (10%) edition, it has improved by 0.6 percentage points. and parliamentary positions (20.9%) are relatively Ethiopia has had a woman president the past low. On Health and Survival (96.2%), there is 4.35 years, along with 41.3% incumbent woman parity in sex ratio at birth. However, gender parity parliamentarians and 40.9% women ministers. in healthy life expectancy has been dropping This results in a closing 43.1% of the gender gap as men’s life expectancy has been increasing on the Political Empowerment subindex, almost faster than that of women since the 2020 edition. triple its score since a decade back (14.6% in Bangladesh’s Educational Attainment parity is at 2013). On Health and Survival, Ethiopia is close 93.6%. Both women and men’s literacy rate and to parity (97.1%). By contrast, on Educational enrolment in secondary and tertiary education has Attainment, though parity across the indicators is been increasing steadily over the last decade. While gradually improving, Ethiopia has one of the lowest there is now full parity in enrolment in secondary parity levels globally (135th) at 85.4%. After some education, for literacy rate and enrolment in tertiary 昀氀uctuations, parity on Economic Participation and education, there remains a persistent gap. At Opportunity is also low, at 58.7%. Labour-force 43.8% parity, Bangladesh’s Economic Participation participation parity is at 72.7% and women earn and Opportunity subindex performance is one of 66.1% of men’s estimated earned income. Only the lowest globally (139th). However, this marks a 25.4% of senior of昀椀cers and 34.3% of technical recovery to its 2020 parity level. Improvement in the positions are held by women. estimated earned income since 2021 edition has helped drive this recovery, as the gaps across the The Philippines has achieved 79.1% gender parity other indicators show less change. and ranks 16th globally. Despite an improvement of three positions and 0.88 percentage points since Ranked 33rd, Mexico’s 76.5% parity is 0.1 last year, this is only a partial recovery towards percentage points better than the previous edition, its 2018 parity level (79.9%). With 26% women though its rank drops by two positions. On cabinet ministers, the Philippines has recovered Educational Attainment, Mexico is close to subindex on that indicator. However, the gap widened in the parity, with full parity in enrolment in secondary and share of parliamentarians who are women (37.6% tertiary education and 98.4% parity in literacy rate. parity), thus effectively decreasing overall parity on Despite this, there is persistent gender disparity in the Political Empowerment subindex (40.9%) by labour-force participation (57.6%), and women’s 0.7 percentage points since 2018. The Philippines estimated earned income is only 52.3% of that is almost at parity on Educational Attainment of men. Further, only 38.5% of senior of昀椀cers are (99.9%). After being close to parity on Health and women. However, women represent almost half of Survival since 2006, the country has regressed the country’s technical workers. Overall, Mexico’s on this subindex (96.8%) due to a slight decline in 60.1% parity on Economic Participation and sex ratio at birth. On Economic Participation and Opportunity stands at 110th globally. On Health Opportunity, the Philippines maintains full parity and Survival, women have lost 2.4 years and men in senior of昀椀cer and technical workers, though have lost 1.5 years of healthy life expectancy since women’s income is just 71.6% that of men. the 2020 edition, widening the subindex gender gap by 0.4 percentage points (97.5%). With parity Egypt is at 62.6% parity and ranks 134th. Egypt in parliamentary positions, 42.1% women ministers advanced towards parity between the 2017 and no woman head of state yet, the Political editions (60.8%) and 2021 editions (63.9%), before Empowerment subindex is at 49% parity, the same regressing for the subsequent 2022 (63.5%) and as the last edition. the current edition. Since 2021, there has been a 3 percentage-point decline in parity on the Japan’s parity declines slightly for the second Educational Attainment subindex, due to slight consecutive year since the 2021 edition. With backslides in parity in enrolment in secondary and a parity of 64.7% (125th), it has slipped 0.25 tertiary education. At 96.8% parity, Health and percentage points compared to the previous survival remains virtually unchanged. However, editions and now stands nine positions lower in the on Economic Participation and Opportunity, a rankings. Japan’s parity in Political Empowerment 6.8 percentage-point increase in the share of at 5.7% is one of the lowest in the world (ranking women in senior of昀椀cer (share 12.4%) and a 4.3 138th). Ten percent of its parliamentary positions percentage-point increase in the share of women in and 8.3% of ministerial positions are held by technical positions (35.1%) since the 2022 edition women, while there has not been any female head have boosted subindex parity by 1.7 percentage of state. There is almost full parity on both the points to 42%. Further, with 27.5% women Educational Attainment and Health and Survival parliamentarians and 18.8% women ministers, there subindexes. There has been 1.1% improvement is 17.5% parity on Political Empowerment. in parity at estimated earned income since the last edition; 54.2% of women are in the labour force Viet Nam, with a score of 71.1% and a global rank and 12.9% of senior of昀椀cers are women. Japan’s of 72nd, continues its gradual progress towards Economic Participation and Opportunity parity is at gender parity. It has progressed by 2.3 percentage Global Gender Gap Report 2023 30