20 2 TheProblemsofDesign is time to consider reframingaudiencesfrom usersto humans.Humanis a universal concept.Itincludestheyoung,theold,andthosewithspecialneedssuchaspatients, elderly people and those with disabilities. In fact, all people, as human beings, have special needs. If we take this view seriously, how would ‘users’ be redefined? Users and User-Centred Systems Design According to the Oxford Dictionary of English (2003), A user is ‘apersonwho uses or operates something.’ In computing, a user is a person who uses computer hardware/software or an Internet service. However, what do users actually do in their use of these artefacts/products? As a term, User-Centred System Design (UCSD) was introduced by Donald Norman and Stephen Draper (1986), and reflected the already ongoing develop- ment of User Centred Design (UCD) in the 1980s. Keinonen (2008) states that: “UCD is a broad umbrella covering approaches such as traditional human factors and ergonomics, participatory design, human-centred design processes, usability measurementsandinspections,anddesignforuserexperience”(p.211).Humanistic roles of design were emphasized and widely broughtover into the productdevelop- ment process, which became and remains a dominant subject in HCI. Later, the human-centred design concept was developed and applied to overcome the design weaknesses of software products with WIMP (windows, icons, menus, pointer) graphical user interfaces. The process contributed to the evolution of the standard WIMPinterfaceandofthegrowthandsuccessofconsumerinformationtechnology in the market. Since the advent of modern WIMP interfaces launched for ordinary people, and especially for the office work environment,computingfor the masses has continued to grow. The domain of HCI has been continuously expanding into our everyday life. Using standard office type applications, such as word processors, databases, and spread sheets became a common part of our lives, even though people in everyday life are essentially not office workers. ‘User’, inheriting meaning from users in office settings, is still in the centre of the product development process as a guidingconcept. User-centreddesignapproacheshavebeenrepeatedlyemphasizedinbothdesign literature and practical development practices. There is also an ISO standard for the user-centred design process with an emphasis on user participation in the system development process (ISO 13407 1999). The standard provides guid- ance on “human-centred design activities throughout a development life cycle of computer-based interactive systems”, but does not specify detailed methods and techniques. The usability, accessibility and understandability of the products have beenimprovedbyemphasizingusercentredness,of listening to the user’s voice. Althoughtherehasbeenmuchimprovementintheseareas,thecomplexityofthe products remains high. Even companies who claim to follow human-centred prin- ciples have released complex, confusing products. In both academia and industry, many disciplines and professionals use the terms user-centred and human-centred
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