76 Personal Content Experience: Managing Digital Life in the Mobile Age its own. This action is searching. However, searching can also be con- sidered as an action that concerns all GEMS phases. Then, it could be included in the diagram as a horizontal action that spans across all other phases. In a similar fashion, browsing is an action that is needed in all phases (Figure 3-5). What is missing in GEMS is communication, that is, communication between people. In many cases, communication is a special case of the combination of “G” and “S” phases, such as speaking and listening, but due to its specifi c nature it could be considered an additional dimension in GEMS. In effect, communication may span across all GEMS phases. What is interesting to note is that not only content, but also its associated metadata, travels through the same GEMS phases along with its host content object. Therefore, GEMS can also be applied to meta- data in understanding the activities taking place when it is used.17 Metadata and its role in personal content management will be dis- cussed next. 3.7 References Anderson C. (2004) The Long Tail. Wired, Issue 12.10, October 2004. Avail- able online at http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/tail.html Boiko, B. (2005) Content Management Bible (2nd edn). Wiley Publishing, Inc. Indianapolis, IN, USA Chen, Su-Shing (2003) Preserving Digital Records and the Life Cycle of Infor- mation, Advances in Computers, Vol. 57, Information Repositories. Marvin Zelkowitz (ed.), pp. 70–109. Academic Press, MD, USA Gilliland-Swetland A.J. (2006) Setting the Stage. In: Introduction to Metadata: Pathways to digital information. Online edition, v2.1 Available at http:// www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/intrometadata/ setting.html Helm S. (2000) Viral Marketing – Establishing Customer Relationships by “Word-of-mouse.” Electronic Markets, Volume 10, Number 3 / July 1, 2000, pp. 158–161. Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group IDC (2005) While Number of Digital Images Captured Increases Rapidly, Consumers’ Printing Behavior Changes, IDC Reveals. Press release avail- able at http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS00220705 IDC (2006) IDC Predicts Increased Number of Digital Pictures Snapped by Affl uent PC Users Will Boost Global Photo Printing. Press release available at http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS20035406 17 A lifecycle model for multimedia metadata has been also proposed by Kosch et al. (2005), yet not from the user interaction point of view.