and environmental management technologies, – The fastest-growing roles relative to and encryption and cybersecurity are expected their size today are driven by technology, to be the biggest drivers of job growth. digitalization and sustainability. The majority Agriculture technologies, digital platforms and of the fastest growing roles are technology- apps, e-commerce and digital trade, and AI related roles. AI and Machine Learning are all expected to result in significant labour- Specialists top the list of fast-growing jobs, market disruption, with substantial proportions of followed by Sustainability Specialists, Business companies forecasting job displacement in their Intelligence Analysts and Information Security organizations, offset by job growth elsewhere to Analysts. Renewable Energy Engineers, and result in a net positive. All but two technologies Solar Energy Installation and System Engineers are expected to be net job creators in the next five are relatively fast-growing roles, as economies years: humanoid robots and non-humanoid robots. shift towards renewable energy. Employers anticipate a structural labour market – The fastest-declining roles relative to their churn of 23% of jobs in the next five years. This size today are driven by technology and can be interpreted as an aggregate measure of digitalization. The majority of fastest declining disruption, constituting a mixture of emerging jobs roles are clerical or secretarial roles, with Bank added and declining jobs eliminated. Respondents Tellers and Related Clerks, Postal Service to this year’s Future of Jobs Survey expect a Clerks, Cashiers and Ticket Clerks, and Data higher-than-average churn in the Supply Chain Entry Clerks expected to decline fastest. and Transportation and Media, Entertainment and Sports industries, and lower-than-average churn – Large-scale job growth is expected in in Manufacturing as well as Retail and Wholesale education, agriculture and digital commerce of Consumer Goods. Of the 673 million jobs and trade. Jobs in the Education industry are reflected in the dataset in this report, respondents expected to grow by about 10%, leading to 3 expect structural job growth of 69 million jobs and million additional jobs for Vocational Education a decline of 83 million jobs. This corresponds to a Teachers and University and Higher education net decrease of 14 million jobs, or 2% of current Teachers. Jobs for agricultural professionals, employment. especially Agricultural Equipment Operators, are expected to see an increase of around 30%, The human-machine frontier has shifted, with leading to an additional 3 million jobs. Growth businesses introducing automation into their is forecast in approximately 4 million digitally- operations at a slower pace than previously enabled roles, such as E-Commerce Specialists, anticipated. Organizations today estimate that Digital Transformation Specialists, and Digital 34% of all business-related tasks are performed by Marketing and Strategy Specialists. machines, with the remaining 66% performed by humans. This represents a negligible 1% increase – The largest losses are expected in in the level of automation that was estimated by administrative roles and in traditional respondents to the 2020 edition of the Future of security, factory and commerce roles. Jobs Survey. This pace of automation contradicts Surveyed organizations predict 26 million expectations from 2020 survey respondents fewer jobs by 2027 in Record-Keeping and that almost half (47%) of business tasks would Administrative roles, including Cashiers be automated in the following five years. Today, and Ticket Clerks; Data Entry, Accounting, respondents have revised down their expectations Bookkeeping and Payroll Clerks; and for future automation to predict that 42% of Administrative and Executive Secretaries, driven business tasks will be automated by 2027. Task mainly by digitalization and automation. automation in 2027 is expected to vary from 35% of reasoning and decision-making to 65% of – Analytical thinking and creative thinking information and data processing. remain the most important skills for workers in 2023. Analytical thinking is considered a core But while expectations of the displacement of skill by more companies than any other skill physical and manual work by machines has and constitutes, on average, 9% of the core decreased, reasoning, communicating and skills reported by companies. Creative thinking, coordinating – all traits with a comparative another cognitive skill, ranks second, ahead of advantage for humans – are expected to be more three self-efficacy skills – resilience, flexibility automatable in the future. Artificial intelligence, a and agility; motivation and self-awareness; and key driver of potential algorithmic displacement, is curiosity and lifelong learning – in recognition expected to be adopted by nearly 75% of surveyed of the importance of workers ability to adapt companies and is expected to lead to high churn – to disrupted workplaces. Dependability with 50% of organizations expecting it to create job and attention to detail, ranks sixth, behind growth and 25% expecting it to create job losses. technological literacy. The core skills top 10 is completed by two attitudes relating to working The combination of macrotrends and with others – empathy and active listening and technology adoption will drive specific areas of leadership and social influence – as well as job growth and decline: quality control. Future of Jobs Report 2023 6