May 2023 Future of Jobs Report 2023 Contents Preface 4 Key findings 5 1 Introduction: the global labour market landscape in 2023 8 2 Drivers of labour market transformation 20 2.1 Expected impact of macrotrends on industry transformation 20 and employment 2.2 Expected impact of technology adoption on industry 24 transformation and employment 3 Jobs outlook 28 4 Skills outlook 37 4.1 Expected disruptions to skills 37 4.2 Reskilling and upskilling priorities in the next 5 years 42 5 Workforce strategies 49 5.1 Barriers to transformation and workforce strategies 49 5.2 Talent availability and retention 53 5.3 Talent development 57 Conclusion 61 Appendix A: Analysis methodology 62 Appendix B: Sectoral lens on macrotrends and technology 75 Appendix C: Sectoral lens on skills 79 User guide 82 Economy Profiles 93 Industry Profiles 183 Region Profiles 237 Skill Profiles 256 Contributors 287 Endnotes 294 Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders. © 2023 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Future of Jobs Report 2023 3