176. Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniia SSSR (po itogam perepisi 1959 g.) (Moscow, 1961), 14, 23; Vysshee obrazovanie v SSSR: Statisticheskii sbornik (Moscow: Gosstatizdat, 1961), 70; Mordechai Altshuler, Soviet Jewry since the Second World War: Population and Social Structure (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), 176; Michael Paul Sacks, “Privilege and Prejudice: The Occupations of Jews in Russia in 1989,” Slavic Review 57, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 247–66. 177. Sacks, “Privilege and Prejudice,” 253–64. 178. S. V. Volkov, Intellektual’nyi sloi v sovetskom obshchestve (Moscow: Fond Razvitie, 1999), 30–31, 126–27. See, esp., Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921–1934 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), and Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). 179. Andrei Sakharov, Memoirs (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 194–95. For the original, see Andrei Sakharov, Vospominaniia (Moscow: Prava cheloveka, 1996), 1:270–71. 180. Volkov, Intellektual’nyi sloi , 50, 77–78, 104, 198; Zaslavsky and Brym, Soviet Jewish Emigration , 107. 181. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem , 10. 182. V. P. Mishin, Obshchestvennyi progress (Gorky: Volgo-Viatskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1970), 282– 83; see also Altshuler, Soviet Jewry since the Second World War , 117; and Zaslavsky and Brym, Soviet- Jewish Emigration , 108. 183. Domal’skii, Russkie evrei , 88, 105; Vysshee obrazovanie v SSSR (Moscow: Gosstatizdat, 1961), 70; Narodnoe obrazovanie, nauka, i kul’tura v SSSR (Moscow: Statistika, 1971), 240; Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1970 g . (Moscow: Statistika, 1971), 658. 184. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada (introduction by Nataliia Iukhneva), 7; V. Kaverin, Epilog (Moscow: Agraf, 1997), 46; T. I. Bondareva and Iu. B. Zhivtsov, “Iz”iatie . . . proizvesti bez ostavleniia kopii,” Otechestvennye arkhivy , no. 3 (1992): 67; Weiner, Making Sense of War , 216–23. 185. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 331. 186. On the anti-Semitism of the underemployed Soviet middle class, see and Zaslavsky and Brym, Soviet-Jewish Emigration , 106–7. 187. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 337. The Semichastnyi report is in Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury , 142–43. 188. Zaslavsky and Brym, Soviet-Jewish Emigration , 109. 189. Veblen, “The Intellectual Pre-eminence,” 36, 39. 190. Golomstock, “Jews in Soviet Art,” 53–63 (the quotation is on 63). See also Tumarkin Goodman, Russian Jewish Artists , esp. 35–38 and 91–93. 191. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 57, 334; Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind , 14–15. 192. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 88, 407; Ulanovskie, Istoriia odnoi sem’i , 5. 193. Ulanovskie, Istoriia odnoi sem’i , 301–441, esp. 304–29 and 437–41. For the information about Mikhail Gefter’s college days, I am grateful to his classmate M. S. Al’perovich, a distinguished Soviet historian. In his “Istorik v totalitarnom obshchestve (professional’no-biograficheskie zametki),” Odissei (1997): 251–74, Al’perovich describes the “case” of Shura Belen’kii, a student who refused to renounce his arrested father. When, during a visit to Moscow in the summer of 2001, I asked Al’perovich about the details of the case, he mentioned that the leader of those who hounded Belen’kii and demanded his expulsion from the Komsomol (and thus from the university) was M. Gefter, “a frenzied, fervent [ ogoltelyi, iaryi ] Komsomol activist, an orthodox unmasker of those who deviated from the Party line.” 194. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 219–20; 363–64. On Vainshtein, see Zvi Y. Gitelman, Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). On Slepian, see “Drugoe iskusstvo”: Moskva 1956–76 v khronike khudozhestvennoi zhizni (Moscow: Interbuk, 1991), 1:23–24, 54–55; 2:164. 195. When asked by a reporter whether, as a Moscow Komsomol member, he had “believed in the regime,” Gefter responded in a way that would have made the Frankfurt School proud: “If one were to say