and Samoilov, 281 self-hatred of, 152, 165 Soviet, 234, 254, 277, 331–35, 340 and Soviet Communist Party, 332 Soviet Jews as, 224, 230, 233, 234, 237, 238–39, 256–57, 272–73, 297, 335, 340 as strangers, 335 International Relief Organization for Revolutionaries (MOPR), 89 Iofan, Boris, 290 Ioffe, Adolf, 176 Iokheleson, Vladmir, 129 Islam, 361, 365 Ismailis, 31–32 Israel, 103, 208, 210, 267, 268. See also Palestine; Zionism Israel, State of: and American Jews, 315, 327, 352, 365, 370 Apollonianism in, 328, 364 as armed camp, 365 chosenness of, 327, 365 culture of, 327–29 ethnic homogeneity of, 364 vs. Europe, 364–65 and Holocaust, 327, 328, 365 Mercurianism in, 328, 364 nationalism of, 327, 328, 364, 367 socialism in, 327 and Soviet Jews, 338, 352–55, 357, 358–59 and Soviet Union, 294–97, 352–53, 367 strangeness of, 328, 366–67 violence in, 328 youth in, 327 Zionism of, 348. See also Palestine; Zionism Italian Americans, 34, 35 Italy, 66, 327