modernism, 75, 77, 103 modernity: Armenians as models for, 30 and capitalism, 99, 207 and Christianity, 41 culture of, 71 debate over Jewish success in, 52–60 of England, 66 in Europe, 1–2, 40–46 of France, 66 and Freudianism, 81 and Germans of Russian Empire, 114 and Holocaust, 46 and Jews, 1, 30, 52–60, 61, 63, 64, 73, 104, 207 in Joyce, 77 learning in, 1, 41 as liberalism, 321–22 and Marxism, 80, 148, 162 and medicine, 41 of Mercurianism vs. Apollonianism, 136–37 and nationalism, 1, 43–45, 99, 321–22, 350 and nation-state, 276 occupations of, 1, 41 and peasants, 60, 61 polytheism of, 65 professions in, 142, 207, 332 and Protestantism, 41–42, 43 and Russian Empire, 114, 115–16, 142–3 and Russian Empire Jews, 115–16, 118, 123, 153, 155–56, 158 science in, 41, 42, 207 service nomadism in, 30 and socialism, 207 and Soviet Jews, 237 of Soviet Union, 277, 331, 332