Christianity and tribalism, it had developed a new conception of its own role and its citizens’ welfare. It had become increasingly therapeutic and substantially (if often unself-consciously) Freudian. 163 All modern states have developed a capacity for “caring” previously associated with families, churches, and licensed physicians. In the United States, the institutional and intellectual groundwork of the new regime was laid by native-born Progressive reformers (including the advocates of vocational guidance and mental hygiene), but it was Freudianism, practiced and professed by upwardly mobile Jewish professionals, that provided the core vocabulary and some of the most durable concepts. By bringing Freudianism to America and by adopting it, briefly, as a salvation religion, Tevye’s children made themselves more American while making America more therapeutic. As Andrew R. Heinze put it, “Through the idiom of modern psychology, Jews wrote middle-class Americans a moral prescription that, if followed, would produce a social order that was ‘good for the Jews’ but also propitious for other outsiders seeking integration into American society.” To paraphrase Mark Shechner, the transformation of Jews into Americans required the transformation of revolutionaries into convalescents. 164 Freudianism was a doctrine born of the nineteenth-century Jewish Revolution. It shared Marxism’s familial origins; partook of its obsession with patricide and universal evil; and replicated (on a much smaller scale) its institutional structure centered on priestly guardians of sacred texts. The salvation it promised, however, was strictly individual, always provisional, and ultimately dependent on marketable professional expertise. Freudianism aspired to being the religion of modern capitalism as much as Marxism aspired to being the religion of anticapitalism: it appeared to provide a scientific justification for the liberal focus on the incorrigible individual; applied the tenets of political liberalism to the mysteries of the human soul; adapted the American Declaration of Independence to the religious search for personal redemption. The pursuit of individual happiness—like the maintenance of a decent society—turned out to be a matter of managing imperfection, of imposing fragile checks and balances on ineradicable internal pressures. Freudianism’s greatest contribution to American life, however, was in the form of overall psychological orientation and a number of influential formulas. Just as the “Marxism” adopted by various states and movements was a mosaic of readings and interpretations often attributed—also by way of rough approximation—to local revisionist prophets (Lenin, Mao, Kim Il Sung, Gramsci), so Freudianism was but an echo of the founder’s voice, usually much