and emigration of Soviet Jews, 356–57, 370 as entrepreneurs, 261 equality of, 207 and ethnic politics, 322 family of, 117, 261 and Freudianism, 319 and history, 264, 265 and Holocaust, 370 in industry, 261 as intellectuals, 263, 318 and Israel, 315, 327, 352, 365, 370 Jewishness of, 207–8, 322–27 labor of, 261 liberalism of, 318–19, 350 life of, 210–11, 259–66 literature of, 266 marriage of, 371 and Marxism, 263, 264, 318 in media, 368, 370 in medicine, 315, 318, 369 meritocracy of, 350 messianism of, 263 as nationalists, 315, 351 and Nazi mass murders, 327 in nonprofit organizations, 370 occupations of, 210, 368–69 and Palestine, 267 parent-child conflicts among, 262, 265 in politics, 369–70 population of, 368 professions of, 261, 315–16, 318, 350 and proletariat, 263 Protestantized Judaism of, 263, 357, 359