And if they do not—if they say that, after all, the Jews as a nation did not stage the Russian Revolution and should not answer for a few Jewish Bolsheviks, then the answer should be: Fine, in that case we did not stage the pogroms, either, and don’t have anything to do with those few who did: Petliura’s men, the Ossetians, and assorted riffraff along with them. We don’t have any influence over them. Personally, we did not engage in any pogroms, we tried to prevent pogroms. . . . So if the Jews, all of them, do not plead guilty to the social revolution, then the Russians, all of them, will not plead guilty to the Jewish pogroms. . . . 118 A few Russian Jewish intellectuals did plead guilty. In a 1923 collection published in Berlin, Russia and the Jews , they called on “the Jews of all countries” to resist Bolshevism and to admit the “bitter sin” of Jewish complicity in its crimes. In the words of I. M. Bikerman, “it goes without saying that not all Jews are Bolsheviks and not all Bolsheviks are Jews, but what is equally obvious is the disproportionate and immeasurably fervent Jewish participation in the torment of half-dead Russia by the Bolsheviks.” It is true that the Jews suffered immeasurably from the pogroms, but was not the revolution “a universal pogrom”? “Or is condemning a whole social class to extermination . . . a revolution, and killing and robbing Jews a pogrom? Why such honor for Marx and his followers?” And why the continued claim that evil “always comes from others and is always directed at us”? These were very different Jews, after all. According to G. A. Landau, “We were amazed by what we had least expected to encounter among the Jews: cruelty, sadism, and violence had seemed alien to a nation so far removed from physical, warlike activity; those who yesterday did not know how to use a gun are now found among the executioners and cutthroats.” 119 Ia. A. Bromberg, a Eurasianist who did not contribute to Russia and the Jews but shared its goals, arguments, and prophetic style, devoted the most impassioned pages of his The West, Russia, and the Jews to this remarkable metamorphosis of Mercurians into Apollonians. “The author cannot help remembering his amazement, bordering on shock, at seeing, for the first time, a Jewish soldier as part of a commissar synod, before which he, as a prisoner of the Bolsheviks, was brought for yet another painfully meaningless interrogation.” The formerly oppressed lover of liberty had turned into a tyrant of “unheard-of despotic arbitrariness”; the self-effacing negotiator had become