culture of, 66–67, 69–70, 72, 105–10 demise of, 166 economy of, 115, 116, 123 education in, 69–70, 106, 111, 113, 123–25, 127–34, 140, 144–45, 147, 148 emancipation of serfs in, 115 emigration from, 122 equality in, 110, 115, 145, 148, 149, 154 Germans in, 111–14, 166, 237, 255 golden age of, 70 Gypsies in, 111 industry in, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 149, 152 intelligentsia of, 70, 157–58, 162 Jewish population of, 105, 117 language in, 106, 127 legal discrimination in, 110–11 and liberalism, 153 Mercurianism in, 111, 112–14, 115, 237–38 military in, 114–15 and modernity, 114, 115–16, 142–43 nationalism in, 141 Nestorians (Assyrians) in, 111 Pale of Settlement in, 2 pogroms in, 116, 118, 166 Provisional Government of, 334 Pushkin as national poet of, 74 railroad industry in, 120, 121–22 Red Terror in, 178 secularism in, 149 Time of Troubles in, 167 universalism of, 64 view of Jews in, 143–44, 155–62 Westernization of, 111 women in, 124. See also Jews (Russian Empire)