215. The term is Gennady Kostyrchenko’s. See his V plenu u krasnogo faraona (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1994). 216. A. I. Solzhenitsyn, Dvesti let vmeste , vol. 2 (Moscow: Russkii put’, 2002), 445, 468. 217. The latest 2002 census results are at http://www.gazeta.ru/2003/11/10/perepisj.shtml. See also Rozalina Ryvkina, Evrei v postsovetskoi Rossii—kto oni? Sotsiologicheskii analiz problem sovetskogo evreistva (Moscow: YPCC: 1996), 123–33; Lev Gudkov, “Antisemitizm v postsovetskoi Rossii,” in Neterpimost’ v Rossii: starye i novye fobii , ed. G. Vitkovskaia and A. Malashenko (Moscow: Tsentr Carnegi, 1999), 44–98; Mark Tolts, “The Interrelationship between Emigration and the Socio-Demographic Profile of Russian Jewry,” in Lewin-Epstein et al., Russian Jews on Three Continents , 147–76; Mark Tolts, “Recent Jewish Emigration and Population Decline in Russia,” Jews in Eastern Europe 1, no. 35 (Spring 1998): 5–24. 218. Gudkov, “Antisemitizm v postsovetskoi Rossii,” 84; Ryvkina, Evrei v postsovetskoi Rossii , 68–78; Foster, “Ethnicity and Commerce,” 441. 219. David Biale, Power and Powerlessness in Jewish History (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), 160. See also Novick, The Holocaust in American Life , 146–69; and Cole, Selling the Holocaust , 121–45 and passim. 220. Calvin Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change: Emerging Patterns in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 137; Kotkin, Tribes , 44, 55, 63, 274; Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene , 26; Whitfield, American Space , 7; Thomas Sewel, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 98. 221. Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change , 110–18; Calvin Goldscheider, “Jobs, Education, and Careers: The Socioeconomic Transformation of American Jews,” in Changing Jewish Life: Service Delivery and Planning in the 1990s , ed. Lawrence I. Sternberg et al. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 7–8; Whitfield, American Space , 9; Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews , 59–64; Charles Kadushin, The American Intellectual Elite (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1974), 18–31. 222. Richard D. Alba and Gwen Moore, “Ethnicity in the American Elite,” American Sociological Review 47, no. 3 (June 1982): 373–83; Charles E. Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit, 1985), 152–55; Rothman and Lichter, Roots of Radicalism , 97–98; Goldberg, Jewish Power , 280, 291, 388 (the Vanity Fair quotation is on 280; the list of entrepreneurs is on 388); Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews , 61; Whitfield, American Space , 133–36; Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene , 27. 223. Goldscheider, Jewish Continuity and Change , 112–14; Kotkin, Tribes , passim. 224. Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 1, 103, 133–43; Alba and Moore, “Ethnicity in the American Elite,” 377; Goldberg, Jewish Power , xxi; Ze’ev Chafets, Members of the Tribe: On the Road in Jewish America (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), 54; Stephen D. Isaacs, Jews and American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 1974), 1–42. 225. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life ; Charles S. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 31–34. 226. Cuddihy, Ordeal of Civility , 212. 227. Joseph R. Levenson, “The Province, the Nation, and the World: The Problem of Chinese Identity,” in Approaches to Modern Chinese History , ed. Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphey, and Mary C. Wright (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967), 278. On Jewish-American outmarriage, see Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1980), 596; and Lipset and Raab, Jews and the New American Scene , 72. For intermarriage in American history, see David A. Hollinger, “Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States,” American Historical Review 108, no. 5 (December 2003): 1363–90. The quotations are from Sholem Aleichem, Tevye the Dairyman , 80–81.