Visual Guide Indonesia

DON BOSCO TECHNICAL COLLEGE VISUAL GUIDE 2- Architecture HOA3 - Finals INDONESIA Cruz, Victoria Cabral, Jazmyn Garcia, Pearl Genova, Jonas Guerrero, Loi Leonor, Mark Olarte, Xavier Yu, Martin

Contents Geographical - Islands of Indonesia - Time cycle Geological Socio-Political - Pre-Colonial - Colonial - Soekano’s old order - Suharto’s new order - Reformation Period - Current Cabinet Climate Religion - Islam - Christianity - Hinduism - Bhuddism - Konghucu - Traditional/Folk systems Architectural Characteristics - Traditional - Religious - Colonial - Post Independence References

Geolographical Indonesia, the world’s largest archipela- go, is located between mainland Southeast Four islands are shared with other countries, Asia and Australia in the Indian and Pa- they are: Borneo which is shared with Malay- cific oceans. Spanning a total land area of sia and Brunei, Sebatik is shared with Malay- 1,904,569 square kilometres (741,052 square sia, Timor is shared with East Timor and New miles), Indonesia is made up of approxi- Guinea is shared with Papua New Guinea. mately 17,504 islands, 6000 of which are There are also three different time zones span- populated. The total population of the coun- ning across Indonesia. Western Indonesia. try as of 2011 is 252,164,800, making it the fourth most populated country in the world Time after China, India and the United States. Time (GMT + 7 hours) encompasses the is- Islands of Indonesia lands of Sumatra and Java and the provinces The five main islands in Indonesia are of West and Central Kalimantan. Central In- Sumatra, Java, Borneo (known as Kali- donesian Time (GMT + 8 hours) encompass- mantan in Indonesia), Sulawesi and New es the islands of Sulawesi and Bali and the Guinea. There are two major archipela- provinces of East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa gos, Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Is- Tenggara as well as East and South Kaliman- lands as well as 60 smaller archipelagos. tan. Finally, Eastern Indonesian Time (GMT +

Geological Indonesia is a geologically complex region sit- Eurasia, India-Australia, and Pacific-Philip- uated at the southeastern edge of the Eurasian pine Sea. In western Indonesia, the boundary continent. It is bordered by tectonically active between the Eurasian and Indian plates is the zones characterized by intense seismicity and Sunda Trench. Parallel to this in Sumatra is the volcanism resulting from subduction. Western right-lateral strike-slip Sumatran Fault, which Indonesia is largely underlain by continental results from the partitioning of oblique plate crust, but in eastern Indonesia there is more convergence into normal convergence at the arc and ophiolitic crust, and several young trench and trench-parallel movement further ocean basins. The Indonesian archipelago north. Most active deformation in Sumatra formed over the past 300 million years by reas- occurs between the trench and the Sumatran sembly of fragments rifted from the Gondwa- fault. In contrast, east of Java, active defor- na supercontinent that arrived at the Eurasian mation occurs within a complex suture zone subduction margin. The present-day geology up to 2000 km wide, including several small of Indonesia is broadly the result of Ceno- plates and multiple subduction zones; plate zoic subduction and collision at this margin. boundaries are trenches and another major PRESENT-DAY TECTONIC SETTING Indo- strike-slip zone, the left-lateral Sorong Fault, nesia is an immense archipelago of more than which runs from New Guinea into Sula wesi. 18,000 islands extending over 5000 km from Global Positioning System (GPS) measure- east to west between 95° and 141° E and cross- ments indicate very high rates of relative mo- ing the equator from 6° N to 11° S. It is situ- tions, typically more than several centimeters ated at the boundaries of three major plates: per year, between tectonic blocks in Indonesia.

Socio-Political Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Ocea- nia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of more than seventeen thousand is- lands, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea. Indonesia is a constitu- tional democracy. After the fall of president Suharto’s prolonged authoritarian New Order regime in 1998 various constitutional amendments were made in order to reduce effective power of the country’s executive branch, thus making a new dictatorship almost impossible. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD OF INDONESIA Sources indicate that the archipelago contained multiple political entities from early on in its history. These various entities slowly evolved from political centers around individuals whose leadership was legitimized by the possession of certain skills and charisma to leaders who legitimized their hold on power by claiming to be godlike figures equipped with super- natural powers, supported by paid armies and a population that paid tribute to the king. COLONIAL PERIOD OF INDONESIA The arrival of the Europeans, attracted by the promising perspectives of the spice trade, is one of the major watersheds in the history of the archipelago. Having more advanced tech- nology and weaponry at hand, the Portuguese and - in particular - the Dutch succeeded in be- coming influential economic and political powers that would ultimately domi- nate the archipelago and laid down new political frameworks and boundaries. SOEKARNO’S OLD ORDER Soekarno, Indonesia’s first president, is rightfully seen as the icon of the nationalist struggle against the colonizers. But after independence had finally been achieved, he faced the difficult task of guiding a new nation, plagued by trau- mas from the past and conflicts of political and social forc- es in the present. It proved to be a too daunting task for the young and inexperienced generation of Indonesian poli- ticians, resulting in the chaotic middle years of the 1960s. Soekarno

SOEKARNO’S OLD ORDER Soekarno, Indonesia’s first president, is rightfully seen as the icon of the nationalist struggle against the coloniz- ers. But after independence had finally been achieved, he faced the difficult task of guiding a new nation, plagued by traumas from the past and conflicts of political and social forces in the present. It proved to be a too daunting task for the young and inexperienced generation of Indonesian pol- iticians, resulting in the chaotic middle years of the 1960s. Suharto REFORMATION PERIOD OF INDONESIA After decades of authoritarian rule, Indonesian pol- itics were to be reformed in order to give the Indo- nesian people more power in the process of political and economic decision making. This new period is known as the period of Reformation and is marked by structural changes (such as the decentralization of power to the regions and limits to the power of the presidency), but also marked by continu- ities (such as the continuation of corruption, poverty and clustering of capital at society’s elite). CURRENT CABINET OF INDONESIA This section displays an up-to-date list of members in President Joko Widodo’s cur- rent cabinet - called the Working Cabi net - which was inaugurated on 27 October 2014 and is expected to govern until 2019 when new elections will be held. Widodo is al- lowed to participate in the presidential elections of 2019 as the constitution allows two terms (each covering a five-year period) to the Indonesian presidency. Since the inaugu- ration there have been made several changes to the composition of the Working Cabinet.

Climate The climate of Indonesia is almost everywhere equatorial, i.e., hot, humid and rainy throughout the year. In some areas, there is a dry season, marked, which is therefore the best period for a trip. As usually happens in hot countries, the rains occur in the form of downpours or thunderstorms, which sometimes can cause flooding.There are also mountains and volcanoes, often very high, where the temperature naturally decreases with altitude. Being that Indonesia is located near the Equator, the day lasts 12 hours throughout the year, and the sun sets quite soon. How- ever, the sun’s rays are very strong, especially in the mountains. The temperature is stable, with lows around 22/25 °C (72/77 °F) and highs around 30/32 °C (86/90 °F) all year round. The main difference is found in the rainfall, whose quantity and distribu- tion are due to the location in a hot and humid area, but also to the monsoon regime, and the impact that it has on the different areas. The northeast monsoon takes place from December to March, and the southwest monsoon from June to September. These winds have a different impact depending on the presence of mountains and on slope exposure. However, the rains do not always follow the same pattern from year to year, as we will see when dealing with El Niño. The climate is equatorial, with abundant rainfall throughout the year, in the following areas: the western coast and the western side of Sumatra, the southern side of western Java, almost all of Borneo (except the south- east) and much of Western New Guinea (formerly Irian Jaya). Here, it is difficult to find a best time to visit. The southern coast of Sumatra is very rainy. Here, around 4,000 millimeters (155 inches) of rain fall per year, and it is difficult to find an accept- able period. The worst period, however, is from October to De- cember, when rainfall amounts to more than 400 mm (16 in) per month. The only city of some importance in this area is Padang, which is relatively less rainy from June to August, although the decrease in precipitation does not occur every year. Off the south-west coast of Sumatra, we find the Mentawai Islands.

Indonesia’s Climate can be classified as AF climate by the Koeppen-Geiger clas- sification: a hot, humid tropical climate with all months above 18°C. The main variable of Indonesia’s climate is not temperature or air pressure, but rainfall. Split by the equator, Indonesia has an almost entirely tropical climate, with the coastal plains averaging 28°C, the inland and mountain areas averaging 26°C, and the higher mountain regions, 23°C. The area’s relative hu- midity is quite high, and ranges between 70 and 90 per- cent. The extreme variations in rainfall are linked with the monsoons. There is a dry season (June to Septem- ber), and a rainy season (December to March). Western and northern parts of Indonesia experience the most precipitation, since the north- and westward-moving monsoon clouds are heavy with moisture by the time they reach these more distant regions. Western Suma- tra, Java, Bali, the interiors of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya are the most predictably damp regions of Indo- nesia, with rainfall measuring more than 2,000 millime- ters per year. Typhoons can hit the Islands of Indonesia between September and December and can cause rain- storms and heavy winds. However, not every Typhoon that hits Indonesia is a strong one, and in some years only a few Typhoons occur during the tropical storm season.

Indonesia is a geologically complex region situated at the southeastern edge of the Eurasian continent. It is bordered by tectonically active zones characterized by intense seismicity and vol- canism resulting from subduction. Western Indonesia is largely underlain by continental crust, but in eastern Indonesia there is more arc and ophiolitic crust, and several young ocean basins. The Indonesian archipelago formed over the past 300 million years by reassembly of fragments rifted from the Gondwana supercontinent that arrived at the Eurasian subduction margin. The present-day geology of Indonesia is broadly the result of Cenozoic subduction and collision at this margin. PRESENT-DAY TECTONIC SETTING Indonesia is an immense archipelago of more than 18,000 islands extending over 5000 km from east to west between 95° and 141° E and crossing the equator from 6° N to 11° S. It is situated at the boundaries of three major plates: Eurasia, India-Australia, and Pacific-Philippine Sea. In western Indonesia, the boundary between the Eurasian and Indian plates is the Sunda Trench. Parallel to this in Sumatra is the right-lateral strike-slip Sumatran Fault, which results from the partitioning of oblique plate con- vergence into normal convergence at the trench and trench-parallel movement further north. Most active deformation in Sumatra occurs between the trench and the Sumatran fault. In con- trast, east of Java, active deformation occurs within a complex suture zone up to 2000 km wide, including several small plates and multiple subduction zones; plate boundaries are trenches and another major strike-slip zone, the left-lateral Sorong Fault, which runs from New Guinea into Sula wesi. Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements indicate very high rates of relative motions, typically more than several centimeters per year, between tectonic blocks in Indonesia.

Religion Indonesia’s main religion is Islam, though the government officially recognizes six distinct faiths: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Few of these are practiced anywhere in Indonesia in a traditional form, as they have been heavily in- fluenced by the presence of other world religions, indigenous beliefs, and cultural practices. Every citizen of Indonesia is required to keep and carry an identity card with one of the six officially recognized religions indicated in a specific space, though citizens are permitted to leave the section blank if they choose. However, citizens cannot list atheism or agnosti- cism, as the state does not recognize either, and blasphemy is illegal and punishable by law. Religions in Indonesia developed regionally rather than nationally because modern day Indo- nesia was neither unified nor independent until 1949. The country’s regions, including Java, Sumatra, Bali, Lombok, and more, all feature similar but distinct religious histories. Indo- nesia’s national motto, “Unity in Diversity,” is a reflection of the differences in religion and culture. For ease of understanding, this article uses the term “Indonesia” to refer to the geo- graphical region that has historically been home to a multitude of nations and civilizations. Islam Indonesia is often described as the biggest Muslim country in the world. Although that’s not technically true (Indone- sia is a secular state by law), it’s not difficult to understand the blunder. With 85 percent of the nation’s whopping 260 million people identifying themselves as Muslims, Indo- nesia still holds the biggest Muslim community on Earth. Consequently, many of the state’s laws and regulations are inspired by the Islamic principles—especially the civ- il laws. The Aceh Province in Sumatra is even granted special autonomy to practice Sharia law in its territory. Since its introduction to Indonesia in the 13th centu- ry, Islam has been interacting with the nation’s existing culture and belief systems. This mix creates countless variations of religious exercises throughout the country, depending on the locality’s history and characteristics. Muslim domination in Indonesia has a social and cultural impact as well. In many regions (especially the more rural ones), dressing modestly and needing to adhere to strict so- cial constructs—like only maintaining opposite-sex rela- tionships—have become the norm. Muslims in bigger cit- ies, however, tend to practice their religion more liberally.

Christianity Generally, Indonesians make a clear distinction between Protestantism and Catholi- cism, with the former being the nation’s second-largest re- ligion, followed by the latter. The height of Christianity’s in- fluence on Indonesia coincides with the beginning of the colo- nial era around the 18th centu- ry. During this time, mission- aries and priests arrived in the nation. Many of the most monumental churches and cathedrals in Indonesia were built during the colonial era. Although Christianity is a minority in Indonesia, compared to Is- lam, many communities in the eastern part of the archipelago are predominantly Christian. Hinduism Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in Indonesia. First brought to the archipelago by traders from India during the first century, Hinduism was once the predominant religion that was adopt- ed by the most powerful ancient empires. Eventually, Hinduism lost its influence, after most of In- donesia’s population converted to Islam, with the exception of Bali. Today, Hinduism remains the main religion throughout the island, blending neatly with the culture’s existing customs and belief systems and resulting in a unique branch of Hinduism that’s unlike anywhere else in the world. However, even though Hinduism has mostly been overthrown, ancient relics are still found all over Indonesia that highlight the religion’s golden age, including the majestic Prambanan Temple.

Buddhism During its time of significance in Indonesia, Bud- dhism coexisted with Hinduism, arriving in the ar- chipelago only a few centuries later. The religion found a foothold in some of the biggest empires, including the Sailendra dynasty and Sriwijaya king- dom. At the height of its influence, the Sailendra dynasty built the famed Borobudur Temple, which is the largest Buddhist sanctuary in the world. The arrival of Islam and the fall of the Majapahit Em- pire ended Buddhism’s era in the archipelago. Today, many of the roughly two million followers who prac- tice Buddhism in Indonesia are Chinese immigrants. Konghucu Konghucu is Indonesia’s take on Confucianism that’s mostly followed by Chinese Indonesians. Since its first arrival in the 17th century, this reli- gion has been surrounded by political drama, es- pecially during the New Order era (1966–1998). During that period, this religion was banned by the government, supposedly due to its Chinese heri- tage and practices. Now, Konghucu followers make up less than one percent of the population. Traditional/folk belief systems Long before any of the religions mentioned above became widespread, the native people of what is now Indonesia had their own spiritual practices, drawn from different forms of animism. Al- though a large portion of this population has converted to one of the official religions, many com- munities, especially in remote areas, still practice their ancestors’ beliefs and rituals. Recently, the government listed as many as 187 belief systems from native communities across the country. Believers of the Faith Indonesia is home to more than 245 distinct indigenous religions that have historically in- fluenced the practice of other major religions in the country. For example, Muslim sultans of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram were often believed to be sacred or divine. The influ- ence of indigenous beliefs gave the sultans an air of mysticism and infallible godliness. In 1965, Indonesia’s first president, Sukarno, identified the six main religions of Indonesia, but the list excluded the indigenous faiths. For decades, followers of these religions were discrimi- nated against and even prosecuted for blasphemy. As of 2017, the Indonesian government now identifies followers of any of these religions under the blanket term “Believers of the Faith,” a denomination that can be written in on their identity cards. However, followers of minority re- ligions still face social and even legal discrimination under the country’s strict blasphemy laws.

Architectural Characteristics 4 Major Styles of Architecture in Indonesia 1) Traditional Known as the Rumah Adat, these homes varied across re- gions and cultures but also had certain similarities. They were made of fibre, bamboo and timbre and had sloping roofs. Built to adapt to Indonesia's hot and wet climate, these houses were constructed on stilts, which protect- ed goods from moisture and reduced the risk of wa- ter-borne diseases. The main strength of these stilt-hous- es, however, lay in their ability to absorb shock waves. With the coming of modernity and an economy that Minang Roof discouraged collective resources, Rumah Adat hous- es are hardly, if at all, used anymore. Some of the lo- cals have mixed the two, putting traditional Minang and Toraja roofs on modern concrete structures. Some of the significant and distinctive rumah adat base on each of Province in Indonesia Province Aceh Acehnese traditional houses called "Rumoh Aceh". This custom home-type houses on stilts with 3 main sec- tions and an additional part. Three main parts of Aceh home is seuramoë keuë (front porch), seuramoë Teun- Torojo Roof goh (central foyer) and seuramoë likot (back porch). Rumoh Aceh

Province North Sumatra / Batak In general, the form of building cus- tom homes in the Batak indigenous group symbolizing "standing buffalo". It is even more clear to decorate the top of the roof with a buffalo head. The traditional house of the Batak, Batak Ruma, standing tall and state- ly, and still mostly found in Samosir. Karo traditional house "Siwaluh Jabu" looks great and is higher in compar- Siwalu Jabu ison with other custom homes. The roof is made of fibers and is usually coupled with the roofs of the smaller triangle is called a "ayo-ayo rumah" and "tersek". With soaring roof layers Karo's house has a distinctive shape compared with other traditional houses that have only one layer of roofing in North Sumatra. Omo Sebua Nias Island: "Omo Niha", The shape and layout of the house type and type Gomo Moro. Home with the type of Moro, ovoid shape diagram. While the house type Gomo, schematics nearly a square, but contain curved lines. Nias construction of hous- es made of hard wood and sturdy. Poles are high, so people can get into under the house. Forms of traditional chief's house, the roof is dominant compared to other houses. Province West Sumatra / Padang The traditional house of West Sumatra, especially from ethnic Minangkabau called "Rumah Gadang". Tower House is made rectangular and divided into two front and rear portion, generally made of wood, and a cursory look like a house on stilts with the roof shape of a typical, stand out like a buffalo horn, the local community and was formerly called gonjong roof is made from fibers be- fore switching with a tin roof. Bagonjong house is inspired by the local community of legend, which tells of the arrival of their ancestors by boat from the sea. Another characteristic of this traditional house is not wearing metal spikes but the use of wooden pegs, yet powerful enough as a binder.

Ruma Gadang Province South Sumatra / Palembang The house is a wooden stage. In terms of architec- ture, the wood- en houses were called “Rumah Li- mas” or pyramid house because of the shape of a pyr- amid roof. Inher- Ruma Limas ent nature of South Sumatra with fresh water, be it wetlands and rivers, people build houses on stilts. Sun- gai .Musi on the banks of the pyramid there is still a house overlooking the river entrance. There are two types of pyramid house in South Sumatra, the pyramid was built houses with floors of different heights and are parallel. Limas house whose floor level is often called a pit house. House building pyramid using unglen or merbau wood is waterproof. The walls are made of wooden planks arranged upright. For up to the house pyramid made of two wooden terraces from the left and right. Part of the terrace house is usually surrounded by a wooden fence called tenggalung barred. Philosophical meaning behind the wooden fence that is to hold that girls are not out of the house. Part of the room walls are decorated with carved floral motifs are painted with golden color. Not infrequently, the owner uses the tin and gold carvings and antique chandeliers as an accessory. Golden yellow color of paint that will be retained as distinct from Palembang. In addition to wood carvings, decorative carved cabinets along the walls of a confirmation of the guest room

2) Religious Architecture (temples) Trademark features include a split Candi Ben- tar gate that shows symmetry and a Padurak- sa gateway where a towering roof incorporates the threshold inside. Bale kulkuls are anoth- er common feature, which act as a watchtower or drum tower and lastly, the Meru towers that represent the heavenly abode of gods. Temples are usually divided into three zones or sanctums known as Nista mandala, Madhya mandala and Uttam mandala in ascending order of sancti- ty. While the Candi Bentar gate demarcates the outer world from the temple, the compound as the main gateway, the paduraksa is often used to demarcate the innermost holy sanctum, where the gods reside, from the middle sanctum. Meru Towers Candi Bentar Bale Kulkuls 3) Colonial Ar- chitecture The 16th and 17th centuries saw the arrival of European powers in Indone- sia who used ma- sonry for much of their construction. Previously timber and its by-products had been almost exclusively used in Indonesia, with the exception of some Paduruksa Gateway Bagan Pura major religious and

palace architecture. One of the first major Dutch settlements was Bat- avia (later renamed Jakarta) which in the 17th and 18th centuries was a fortified brick and masonry city. For almost two centuries, the co- lonialists did little to adapt their European architectural habits to the tropical climate. In Batavia, for example, they constructed canals through its low-lying terrain, which were fronted by small-windowed and poorly ventilated row houses, Blenduk Church, Semarang mostly in a Chinese-Dutch hybrid style. The canals became dumping grounds for noxious waste and sewage and an ideal breed- ing ground for the anopheles mosquitos, with malaria and dysentery becoming rife through- out the Dutch East Indies colonial capital. Although row houses, canals and enclosed solid walls were first thought as protection against tropical diseases coming from tropical air, years later the Dutch learnt to adapt their architectural style with local building features (long eaves, verandahs, porticos, large win- Javanese/Neo-Classical Indo-European hybrid villa dows and ventilation openings).The Indies Style of middle 18th century were among the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indo- nesian architectural elements and attempt adapting to the climate. The basic form, such as the longitudinal organisation of spaces and use of joglo and limasan roof structures, was Javanese, but it incorporated European decorative elements such as neoclassical col- umns around deep verandahs. Whereas the Indies Style homes were essentially Indone- Bakorwil Pamekasan sian houses with European trim, by the ear- ly 20th century, the trend was for modernist influences—such as art-deco—being expressed in essentially European buildings with Indo- nesian trim (such as the pictured home's high-pitched roofs with Javan ridge details). Prac- tical measures carried over from the earlier Indo-European hybrids, which responded to the Indonesian climate, included overhanging eaves, larger windows and ventilation in the walls. At the end of the 19th century, great changes were happening across much of colonial Indonesia, particularly Java. Significant improvements to technology, communications and transportation

had brought new wealth to Java's cities and private enterprise was reaching the countryside. Mod- ernistic buildings required for such development appeared in great numbers, and were heav- ily influenced by international styles. These new buildings in- cluded train stations, business hotels, factories and office blocks, hospitals and education institu- tions. The largest stock of colo- nial era buildings are in the large Jakarta Kota Railway Station cities of Java, such as Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. Bandung is of particular note with one of the largest remaining collections of 1920s Art-Deco buildings in the world, with the notable work of several Dutch architects and planners, includ- ing Albert Aalbers, Thomas Karsten, Henri Maclaine Pont, J Gerber and C.P.W. Schoemak- er.[18] By the early 20th century, various style of architecture were apparent in major cities, namely New Indies Style, Expressionism, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Nieuwe Zakelijkheid. 4) Post-Independence The Javanese art-deco style from the 1920s became the root for the first Indonesian national style in the 1950s. [citation needed] The polit- ically turbulent 1950s meant that the new but bruised In- donesia was neither able to afford or focused to follow the new international move- Bank of Indonesia ments such as modernist bru- talism. Continuity from the 1920s and 30s through to the 1950s was further supported by Indo- nesian planners who had been colleagues of the Dutch Karsten, and they continued many of his principles. Among the country’s first generation of professionally trained architects were Mo- hammad Soesilo, Liem Bwan Tjie, Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo and Frederich Silaban, who would later establish the Indonesian Institute of Architects (Indonesian: Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia). Despite the new country’s economic woes, government-funded major projects were undertaken in the modernist style, particularly in the capital Jakarta. Reflecting President Sukarno’s political views, the architecture is openly nationalistic and strives to show the new nation’s pride in itself. The 1950s jengki style, so named after Indonesian references to the American armed forces as ‘yankee’, was a distinctive Indonesian architectural style that emerged. The modernist cubic and strict geometric forms that the Dutch had used before World War II, were transformed into more complicated volumes, such as pentagons or other irregular solids. This architec-

ture is an expression of the political spirit of freedom among the Indone- sians. When development picked up in the early 1970s under Soeharto’s New Order administration following the turbulent mid-century decades, Indo- nesian architects were inspired by the strong American influence in Indo- nesia’s architecture faculties following independence. The International Style dominated in Indonesia in the 1970s, as it did in much of the rest of the world. Aceh Tsunami Museum The 1970s saw the Indonesian gov- ernment promote indigenous Indone- sian forms. Constructed in 1975, the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah theme park re-created over twenty buildings of exaggerated proportions to show- case Indonesian traditional vernacu- lar forms. The government also called for Indonesian architects to design Soekarno-Hatta International Airport an Indonesian architecture, and by the 1980s in particular, most public buildings were built with exaggerated elements of traditional vernacular forms. These works includes the large concrete Minangkabau style roofs on government buildings in the city of Padang, the giant Javanese joglo structures at the University of Gadjah Mada, and also the Javanese-Balinese meru multi-tiered roofs of rectorate tower in University of Indonesia. Despite this commendable effort to try to define Indo- nesian architecture, through drawing inspirations from native elements of Indone- sian vernacular architecture and traditions, the practice and results might not be ful- filling expectations. Some- times the result is mediocre, criticized as superficial ad- Ngurah Rai International Airport dition upon modern build- ing – by merely applying traditional ornaments or just attaching traditional roofs. Nevertheless, there are some excep- tional result of this effort, such as the original design of Soekarno-Hatta International Air- port terminal 1 and 2, that create an airport terminal within tropical garden. The airport is formed as a collection of Javanese pendopo pavilions, akin to Javanese keraton compound.

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