Strategic Shareholder Climate and Risk Financial Financial Barclays PLC 467 report information sustainability report Governance review review statements Annual Report 2022 Notes to the financial statements (continued) Assets and liabilities held at fair value Financial assets The carrying value of financial assets held at amortised cost is determined in accordance with the relevant accounting policy in Note 19. Loans and advances at amortised cost The fair value of loans and advances, for the purpose of this disclosure, is derived from discounting expected cash flows in a way that reflects the current market price for lending to issuers of similar credit quality. Where market data or credit information on the underlying borrowers is unavailable, a number of proxy/extrapolation techniques are employed to determine the appropriate discount rates. For 2022, the fair value is lower than carrying value mainly on fixed rate products driven by rising interest rates. The majority will be part of a wider portfolio which includes fair valued instruments that are not presented in this table. Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing The fair value of reverse repurchase agreements approximates carrying amount as these balances are generally short dated and fully collateralised. Financial liabilities The carrying value of financial liabilities held at amortised cost is determined in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 1. Deposits at amortised cost In many cases, the fair value disclosed approximates carrying value because the instruments are short term in nature or have interest rates that reprice frequently, such as customer accounts and other deposits and short-term debt securities. The fair value for deposits with longer-term maturities, mainly time deposits, are estimated using discounted cash flows applying either market rates or current rates for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Consequently, the fair value discount is minimal. Repurchase agreements and other similar secured borrowing The fair value of repurchase agreements approximates carrying amounts as these balances are generally short dated. Debt securities in issue Fair values of other debt securities in issue are based on quoted prices where available, or where the instruments are short dated, carrying amount approximates fair value. Subordinated liabilities Fair values for dated and undated convertible and non-convertible loan capital are based on quoted market rates for the issuer concerned or issuers with similar terms and conditions.