the Great Recession but has since declined. In 2014, some 18.3 percent of workers were in part-time positions, hardly different from 20 years earlier. Katz and Krueger (2016) extended the BLS’s CWS by including a subset of the questions on alternative work arrangements on the Rand American Life Panel in fall 2015. They found that the share of workers in alternative work arrangements – defined to include freelancers, workers who were contracted out by one firm to work for another firm, temporary help agency workers, and on-call workers – increased from about 11 percent in 2005 to nearly 16 percent in 2015. It is important to note that the CWS and Rand data are limited to individuals’ main job. Many workers who participate in the on-demand economy may do so as a secondary job. Counting both main and secondary jobs, Katz and Krueger further found that only 0.5 percent of the workforce was involved in providing services directly to customers through an online intermediary. About twice as many workers said they provided services to customers through an offline intermediary, such as Avon, as through an online intermediary, such as Uber or Taskrabbit. Other estimates also suggest that less than 1 percent of the U.S. workforce participated in the on-demand economy in 2015, although the on-demand workforce was growing very rapidly. For example, Farrell and Greig (2016a) estimate of 0.6 percent of the working- age population (or approximately 0.4 percent of the workforce) based on the frequency of bank deposits from 30 online work platforms. Farrell and Greig (2016b) further found that, though decelerating, the annual growth rate in the number of workers receiving income from these platforms each month exceeded 100 percent in the fall of 2015. Based on data from Google Trends, Harris and Krueger (2015) infer that Uber is by far the largest on-demand labor platform, which makes an understanding of the characteristics, labor supply behavior, and motivation of Uber’s driver-partners all the more important. BSG Survey of Uber's Driver-Partners Uber contracted with the Benenson Survey Group (BSG) to conduct a web survey of Uber’s driver-partners in December 2014 in 20 market areas that represented 85 percent of all of Uber’s U.S. driver-partners. The survey was conducted again in November 2015 in 25 market areas that currently represent 68 percent of Uber’s U.S. driver-partners. A total of 601 drivers completed the 2014 survey and 833 drivers completed the 2015 survey. Although the response rate to the surveys was only around 10 percent, based on a comparison of aggregated administrative data, the (weighted) respondents do not appear to be very different from the full set of driver-partners in terms of their average work 5