222 Notes to Pages 153–159 8. King Jr., “The Birth of a New Nation,” April 7, 1957, in Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., 4: 155–67. 9. King Jr., “Questions Easter Answers,” April 21, 1957, ibid., 6: 283– 93. 10. King to Samuel McCrea Cavert, November 27, 1959, Folder 32, Box 33A, King Papers, Boston University; A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Roy Wilkins, “Call to a Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom,” April 5, 1957, in Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., 4: 151–53; William Holmes Borders to King, April 6, 1957, ibid., 4: 153–54. 11. Bayard Rustin to King, May 10, 1957, in Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., 4: 199–201; King Jr., “Give Us the Ballot,” May 17, 1957, ibid., 4: 208–15. King’s reticence to draw strong connections between labor and the civil rights movement may be connected in part to the significant opposition he had faced from white unions in Montgomery during the bus boycott. 12. E. D. Nixon to King, June 3, 1957, ibid., 4: 217–18; King Jr., “State- ment on Meeting with Richard M. Nixon,” June 13, 1957, ibid., 4: 222–23; King Jr., “Remarks in Acceptance of the Forty-second Spingarn Medal at the Forty-eighth Annual NAACP Convention,” June 28, 1957, ibid., 4: 228–32. 13. Clifford and Virginia Durr, interview by Lumpkin, 15–16. 14. King Jr., Stride toward Freedom, 85. 15. King Jr., “Conquering Self-Centeredness,” August 11, 1957, in Pa- pers of Martin Luther King, Jr., 4: 248–59. 16. Durr to Horton, February 18, 1956, November 5, 1956, in Burns, ed., Daybreak of Freedom, 155, 298; Durr to Clark and Mairi Foreman, De- cember 17, 1956, Durr Papers. The historian Steven M. Millner notes re- garding the MIA’s leadership at the end of 1956: “By the boycott’s final days, the ‘tie and collar’ crowd and local ministers had become the dominant forces in the MIA. Grass roots leaders such as E. D. Nixon and Reverend Cherry became increasingly bitter about being pushed aside and left the MIA’s lead- ership circle. Though King and his successors tried, no major effort parallel- ing the bus protest emerged in Montgomery. Lacking local issues to organize around and faced with a growing usurpation of organizational positions by status seekers, the MIA became further removed from the local black masses. This process escalated after King’s permanent departure for Atlanta in early 1960” (Millner, “The Montgomery Bus Boycott,” in Garrow, ed., The Walk- ing City, 516). 17. King to Ralph Abernathy, February 26, 1957, in Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., 4: 143–44. 18. Parks, interview by Millner, 564; Rosa Parks to King, August 23,