South America. The countries from the Middle East, Sustainable North Africa and Pakistan region rank in the lowest quartiles on the sustainable dimension, despite their The ETI bases the sustainable dimension on a above-average performances on the equitable and combination of energy ef昀椀ciency, decarbonization secure dimensions. They can embrace sustainability and progress towards clean energy systems. In by switching to low-carbon sources of energy, the past decade, this dimension has seen a 7% eliminating water scarcity and improving household growth (Figure 10) in the global scores, with Costa waste management. This can happen with the Rica, Paraguay and Albania leading the charts for public and private sectors collaborating to make the 2023. Paraguay’s use of hydropower in its energy switch to a more sustainable way of life. The global mix has enabled it to maintain low-carbon intensity sustainable scores, however, need to improve further in its economy and effectively manage air pollution, to accelerate the transition, since improvement on providing it with one of the cleanest energy mixes in this dimension has a direct effect on net-zero goals. FIGURE 10 ETI sustainable dimension trend, 2014-2023 68 66 64 59.1 62 58.2 e 56.6 56.8 56.9 57.1 57.4 60 55.9 56.1 55.5 Index scor58 56 5454 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Source: World Economic Forum Transitioning towards sustainable energy systems approximately USD 250 billion a year being is a complex process requiring careful policy deployed from 2020 to 2023, equivalent to planning and implementation. A central theme two-thirds of total clean energy recovery 17 is that no one-size-昀椀ts-all policy package exists spending.” For example, also according to for sustainable energy transitions, as each the IEA, “under its recovery and resilience plan, country’s objectives and constraints will shape Spain intends to invest EUR 3.4 billion in half its policy approach. Yet around the world, many a million energy renovation actions through countries are undergoing or planning transitions tax incentives and the creation of ‘one-stop’ 18 towards sustainable energy systems through a renovation of昀椀ces”. combination of policy measures, technological advances and changes in consumer behaviour. – Technological advances: Achieving net- zero emissions requires the immediate and A few examples: widespread deployment of clean and ef昀椀cient energy technologies. Major economies are – Energy ef昀椀ciency: According to the integrating their climate, energy security and International Energy Agency (IEA), “Since 2020, industrial policies into broader strategies. governments worldwide have helped mobilise Examples include the US In昀氀ation Reduction around USD 1 trillion for energy ef昀椀ciency- Act, the Fit for 55 package and REPowerEU related actions such as building retro昀椀ts, plan in the EU, Japan’s Green Transformation public transport and infrastructure projects, programme, India’s Production Linked Incentive and electric vehicle support. This amounts to schemes and China’s latest Five-Year Plan. Fostering Effective Energy Transition: 2023 Edition 25