INTRODUCTION: MOMENTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT or Isaac Newton, it was an apple falling from a tree that F supposedly led him to formulate the law of universal gravity. For Benjamin Franklin, it was a key on a kite string, struck by lightning in a thunderstorm, that proved electricity could be transferred and stored. My initial “AHA!” moment regarding the current state of AI came in the form of a joke. It was July 2022, and I asked GPT-4, “How many restaurant inspectors does it take to change a lightbulb?” GPT-4, as you may know, is an advanced type of AI system, or natural-language processor, known as a large language model (LLM). Prompt it with a few words or sentences and it will generate coherent and diverse texts in response. In this way, it can answer questions, perform tasks, and productively interact with its human users. Along with its predecessors, including the wildly popular ChatGPT, GPT-4 was developed by OpenAI, a research organi- zation founded in 2015 with a mission to give millions of people direct, hands-on access to powerful new AI tools. 1