enforced disappearance of 66 others, allegedly by the armed group Koglweogo in Yirgou village, Sanmatenga province. In CAR, the Special Criminal Court announced that it had issued 25 arrest warrants, but none of them have been successfully implemented to date. While the government established a Commission of Inquiry to investigate violations committed by all parties since the beginning of the offensive by armed group Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC), it did not make its report or next steps public. In DRC, at least 80 army and police officers were prosecuted in North Kivu, South Kivu, Ituri, Tanganyika and Kasaï provinces for serious crimes including sexual violence. Former Congolese warlord Roger Lumbala was arrested by French authorities over war crimes and crimes against humanity. However, many other perpetrators of crimes under international law in DRC continued to enjoy impunity. In Mali, trials on terrorism charges took place but there were concerns about whether they met international fair trial standards. Meanwhile, there was little progress in the investigation of crimes under international law committed by armed groups and the military. In Rwanda, Jean-Claude Iyamuremye, accused of being a leader of the Interahamwe militia in Kicukiro commune during the 1994 genocide, was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Two genocide suspects were extradited from the USA to Rwanda to stand trial while another suspect was extradited from the Netherlands. In South Sudan, the government seemingly prioritized truth over trials, continuing to delay and block the establishment of the Hybrid Court for South Sudan. In Sudan, the year ended without anyone being held accountable for the killing of at least 100 protesters on 3 June 2019. Authorities also continued to fail in their obligation to transfer Omar al Bashir and two other suspects to the ICC to answer charges of crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes in Darfur. ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS RIGHT TO HEALTH The Covid-19 pandemic continued to tear through Africa with a devastating impact on human rights. Nearly 9 million cases and more than 220,000 deaths were recorded during the year. South Africa remained the epicentre of the pandemic, in terms of reported cases and deaths. Governments’ efforts to stem the tide of Covid-19 were hindered by inequality in the global distribution of the vaccine, created by pharmaceutical companies and wealthy nations. Pharmaceutical companies prioritized delivering vaccines to high-income countries, who in turn stockpiled more doses than they could use. Rich countries also blocked attempts to increase supplies to low and middle-income countries by supporting the temporary waiver of intellectual property rights and increased sharing of technology and know-how. Covid-19 vaccines were mainly supplied to African countries through the COVAX facility, the Africa Vaccine Acquisition Trust and bilateral donations. Too often, supplies were insufficient, or their arrival times unpredictable, making it hard for governments to build trust among their populations and structure effective roll out campaigns. In countries like DRC, Malawi and South Sudan vaccine deliveries arrived with short expiry dates forcing authorities to destroy supplies or return the bulk for reallocation to other countries. Supply problems made it more difficult to ensure vaccines reached vulnerable groups, including older people and those with chronic conditions. Internal factors impeding effective vaccination programmes in Africa included inequality, vaccine hesitancy and national insecurity. Less than 8% of Africa’s 1.2 billion people were fully vaccinated at the year’s end, the lowest rate in the world and a far cry from the WHO’s 40% vaccination target. The Covid-19 pandemic continued to highlight the region’s chronic lack of investment in health sectors over many decades. The already inadequate healthcare systems in most Amnesty International Report 2021/22 21