31. In 2018, to align with industry best practices for Scope 3 reporting, we extended our reporting boundaries to include emissions associated with food served in our offices, hardware manufacturing emissions beyond Tier 1 suppliers (full upstream to the point of extraction), use of sold products, and end-of-life treatment of sold products. Google’s hardware includes data center servers, networking equipment, and consumer hardware products. These extended categories have been reported annually from 2018 onward. 32. In 2020, due to the global pandemic, we began to estimate and report on our emissions associated with teleworking (i.e., employees working remotely). We applied the estimation methodology outlined in EcoAct’s Homeworking Emissions Whitepaper to our annual average workforce to estimate the GHG emissions generated by employees working remotely from their homes. Teleworking emissions are reported as part of our Scope 3 emissions for employee commuting, per Greenhouse Gas Protocol’s Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (version 1.0) . For a breakdown of our operational Scope 3 emissions by category, see our 2021 Independent Accountants’ Review Report . 33. In 2020, we began reporting teleworking emissions as part of our Scope 3 employee commuting emissions. Scope 3 (business travel and employee commuting) emissions reported prior to 2020 do not include teleworking emissions. 34. See note 31 above. 35. We calculate two metrics for operational emissions, one using market-based Scope 2 and one using location-based Scope 2. The Scope 2 market-based and location-based amounts have been third-party assured by Ernst & Young LLP, as shown in the Schedule of Select Environmental Indicators attached to the 2021 Independent Accountants’ Review Report . In the 2021 Independent Accountants’ Review Report, the Schedule of Operational GHG emissions After Compensation Adjustments only includes the market-based metric. 36. In 2016, we adopted the industry practice of including only operational emissions in our carbon neutrality commitment. For more information, see our 2017 white paper, 10 Years of Carbon Neutrality . In 2020, we extended our operational emissions boundary to include teleworking emissions. The operational emissions included in our carbon neutrality commitment now include Scope 1, Scope 2 (market-based), and Scope 3 (business travel and employee commuting, including teleworking). 37. Emissions reduced by renewable energy PPAs are calculated by subtracting Scope 2 market-based method (MBM) GHG emissions from Scope 2 location-based method GHG emissions, thereby representing emissions reductions from renewable energy PPAs and MBM emission factors. 38. See note 36 above. 39. Carbon intensity metrics are based on gross global combined Scope 1 and market-based Scope 2 emissions. For more information on year-over-year changes to market-based Scope 2 emissions, see note 29 above. 40. Total energy consumption includes all fuel and natural gas consumption, purchased electricity, purchased heating, and all electricity generated on-site from renewable sources. 41. Percentage of renewable energy is calculated on a calendar-year basis, comparing the volume of renewable electricity (in megawatt-hours) procured for our global operations (i.e., renewable energy procured through our PPA contracts, on-site renewable energy generation, and renewable energy in the electric grids where our facilities are located) with the total volume of electricity consumed by our operations. This metric includes all renewable energy purchased, regardless of the market in which the renewable energy was consumed. Prior to 2016, we were not accounting for the renewable electricity purchased through grid electricity. 42. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol’s Scope 2 Guidance requires energy attribute certificates to be sourced from and applied to the same market in which the reporting entity’s electricity-consuming operations are located. This guidance does not recognize existing renewable energy on the electric grids where an entity’s operations are located. 43. Our carbon-free energy (CFE) percentage measures the degree to which our electricity consumption on a given regional grid is matched with CFE on an hourly basis. This is calculated using both CFE under contract by Google as well as CFE coming from the overall grid mix. CFE coming from the overall grid mix is based on data obtained from a third-party, electricityMap, and has not been assured. For more information, see our 2021 white paper, 24/7 Carbon-Free Energy: Methodologies and Metrics . 44. Landfill diversion is calculated as waste diverted to a more sustainable pathway than landfill or incineration without energy recovery. 45. In 2020, pre-consumer food waste prevented in our cafés was tracked only from January to March due to limited café operations during the global pandemic. 46. In 2021, we continued to experience limited café operations due to the global pandemic. As a result, we were unable to update our cumulative total for pre-consumer food waste prevented in our cafés. 47. In 2021, there was less inventory to be resold due to market shortages and the continued impact of the global pandemic. 48. In 2019, we aligned our water reporting with industry standards to disclose three water indicators: total water withdrawal, consumption, and discharge. Data for total water consumption and total water discharge is not available for prior years. 49. Our reported water withdrawal, water consumption, and water discharge metrics do not include seawater. 50. 2018 is the first year that reflects a refinement in Green Business Certification Inc.’s methodology for determining LEED-certified office space. 51. This figure indicates the number of ports for ChargePoint stations in the United States and Canada, which represent the majority of our EV charging ports in those countries. 52. Emissions avoided are estimated using data from the reported ports for ChargePoint stations in the United States and Canada only. While Google’s total number of installed EV charging ports in the United States and Canada increased in 2020, the ports experienced limited use from March to December due to the global pandemic, resulting in a decrease in emissions avoided due to employee EV commuting that year. In 2021, EV charging ports continued to experience limited use due to office closures and related decreases in employee EV commuting. 53. Due to the global pandemic, our Google shuttle buses in the Bay Area were in operation only from January to March in 2020 and from July to December in 2021. 54. See note 53 above. 55. See note 53 above. 56. All ecology projects that were scheduled for completion in 2020 were delayed due to the global pandemic. 57. See note 56 above. 58. In addition to our renewable energy contracts, Google also invests in renewable energy projects around the world that are not used to directly mitigate our emissions. This indicator represents the expected combined capacity of contracted renewable energy projects in which we have an equity investment, even if we’re a minority owner. 59. Project Sunroof metrics have been incorporated into updates for the Environmental Insights Explorer. See the tool for more information about rooftop solar potential data. 60. We updated the unit of this key performance indicator from “cities” in prior reports to “cities and regions.” This change more accurately describes the data boundaries for the Environmental Insights Explorer and does not represent a change in underlying methodology or related calculations. Glossary CFE: carbon-free energy CO 2 e: carbon dioxide equivalent EV: electric vehicle ft: foot FTE: full-time equivalent GHG: greenhouse gas GW: gigawatt GWh: gigawatt-hour GWP: global warming potential ILFI: International Living Future Institute ISO: International Organization for Standardization kg: kilogram km: kilometer kWh: kilowatt-hour lb: pound LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design m: meter MBM: market-based method MW: megawatt MWh: megawatt-hour PPA: power purchase agreement PUE: power usage effectiveness tCO 2 : metric tons of carbon dioxide tCO 2 e: metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development WRI: World Resources Institute 15 Google Environmental Report 2022