Appendix Endnotes 1. According to Google’s own analysis of our more efficient servers, power infrastructure, and cooling systems, compared with data center industry averages. 2. PUE is a standard industry ratio that compares the amount of non-computing overhead energy (used for things like cooling and power distribution) to the amount of energy used to power IT equipment. A PUE of 2.0 means that for every watt of IT power, an additional watt is consumed to cool and distribute power to the IT equipment. A PUE closer to 1.0 means nearly all the energy is used for computing. 3. According to the Uptime Institute’s 2021 Data Center Survey , the global average PUE of respondents’ largest data centers was around 1.57. 4. Carbon credits are reductions in GHG emissions made to compensate for emissions that occur elsewhere. For each metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent reduced, one carbon credit is created. References to “carbon offsets” (as mentioned in prior reports) were updated to “carbon credits” starting in Google’s 2021 Environmental Report. For more information on our approach to purchasing carbon credits, see our 2011 white paper, Google’s Carbon Offsets: Collaboration and Due Diligence . 5. This estimated spend commitment is for clean energy purchased for our operations. It may fluctuate over time based on the number of contracts signed and energy market prices. 6. Based on our cumulative renewable electricity purchased in megawatt-hours (MWh) from 2012 to 2021. 7. The first year Google signed a renewable energy contract was 2010. 8. We procure high-quality carbon credits to compensate for the carbon emissions from all Google-owned shipments of consumer hardware, including to and from retail partners, distributors, and Google Store customers. Because shipping devices to customers falls outside the scope of Google’s operations, these efforts go beyond Google’s long-standing commitment to operational carbon neutrality. 9. Energy Savings from the Nest Learning Thermostat: Energy Bill Analysis Results , Nest Labs, February 2015. 10. Independent studies showed that Nest saved people an average of 10% to 12% on heating and 15% on cooling. Using typical energy costs, we’ve estimated average savings of $131 to $145 a year. That means the Nest Learning Thermostat can pay for itself in under two years. Individual savings are not guaranteed. 11. Nest and Pixel devices are designed with 9%–68% recycled content across their respective plastic parts in 2020 and 2021. This does not include plastics in printed circuit boards, labels, cables, connectors, electronic components and modules, optical components, electrostatic discharge components, electromagnetic interference components, films, coatings, and adhesives. The aluminum in the enclosure of Pixel 5 is 100% recycled content. (Back housing only. Recycled aluminum is approximately 58% of the Pixel 5 enclosure based on weight.) The aluminum in the housing of Pixel 6 is 100% recycled content. (Recycled aluminum (in the housing and other recycled aluminum components) is approximately 14% of product based on weight.) 12. Carbon footprint reduction claim based on third-party verified life cycle assessment. Recycled aluminum (in the housing and other recycled aluminum components) is approximately 14% of product based on weight. 13. One petabyte is 10 15 bytes, or 1 million gigabytes, of digital information. It’s equal to approximately 2.5 months of uninterrupted, uncompressed, high-definition (1920 x 1080 pixels) video data. 14. Google was the largest organization, in terms of electricity consumption, to achieve a 100% renewable energy match. 15. For more details, see our 2021 white paper, Carbon-free Energy Performance at Google Data Centers . 16. We reach operational carbon neutrality via three steps. First, we work to reduce our total energy consumption by pursuing aggressive energy efficiency initiatives. Second, we match 100% of the electricity consumption of our operations with purchases of renewable energy. Third, we buy high-quality carbon credits for any remaining operational emissions we haven’t yet eliminated. 17. In this report, “Bay Area headquarters” refers to our operations in both Mountain View and Sunnyvale. 18. Fitbit wearable devices were not included in the scope of these targets in 2021. 19. Flagship consumer hardware products are products that can provide their main functionality without connection to another product. For example, this does not include accessories, such as earbuds or cases. 20. Minimum percentage of recycled or renewable plastic content calculated as a percentage of total plastic (by weight) in all products manufactured in 2025. The following may be excluded from the calculation of percentage: printed circuit boards, labels, cables, connectors, electronic components and modules, optical components, electrostatic discharge components, electromagnetic interference components, films, coatings, and adhesives. Renewable content consists of plastic made from bio-based material. 21. This does not include plastics in printed circuit boards, labels, cables, connectors, electronic components and modules, optical components, electrostatic discharge components, electromagnetic interference components, films, coatings, and adhesives. 22. See note 11 above. 23. Ernst & Young LLP reviewed select quantitative performance indicators for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. See the related Independent Accountants’ Review Report . Prior to fiscal year 2019, another third party verified the following emissions: Scope 1, Scope 2 (market-based), Scope 2 (location-based), Scope 3 (business travel and employee commuting), and biogenic. For more information, see our prior annual Environmental Reports . 24. Alphabet’s fiscal year is from January 1 to December 31. 25. GHG emissions are calculated according to Greenhouse Gas Protocol standards and guidance , developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), including A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (Revised Edition) , Scope 2 Guidance , and the Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard . For more information on our methodology, including a breakdown of Scope 3 categories, see Alphabet’s CDP Climate Change Responses on Google’s sustainability reports page. 26. Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from sources we own or over which we have operational control, such as company vehicles or generators at Google’s offices and data centers. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from the production of electricity we purchase to run our operations and the production of space heating for our offices. The location-based category reflects the average carbon intensity of the electric grids where our operations are located and thus where our energy consumption occurs. The market-based category incorporates our procurement choices, i.e., our renewable energy purchases via contractual mechanisms like PPAs. Scope 3 emissions are indirect emissions from other sources in our value chain, such as business travel or our suppliers. 27. CO 2 e is a quantity that describes, for a given mixture and amount of GHG, the amount of carbon dioxide that would have the same global warming potential (GWP), i.e., the ability of a gas to trap heat in the atmosphere when measured over a specified timescale (generally, 100 years). Some GHGs are more potent than others, as measured by their GWP. Carbon dioxide is the baseline and thus has a GWP of 1. 28. Since 2010, we’ve procured renewable energy for our operations, and in 2012, we began publishing how this reduces our overall emissions. Until 2015, there was no guidance from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol on how to account for these emissions reductions, so we developed our own methodology, whereby on an annual basis we assigned renewable electricity procured against electricity consumed (in megawatt-hours) in the closest data center to the renewable energy project. In 2015, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol released updated Scope 2 guidance for the accounting of purchased electricity, steam, heat, and cooling, which we adopted, starting with 2015 data. 29. Google currently buys enough renewable energy to match our annual global electricity consumption. To achieve our 100% renewable energy match goal, we first consider both our on-site renewable energy generation and the renewable energy that is already in the electric grids where our facilities are located, then procure renewable energy through PPA contracts. We have a few facilities located in geographies where we’re not currently able to source large volumes of renewable energy, so we currently make up for this by buying surplus renewable energy in regions where it’s abundant. For example, by buying larger amounts of wind energy in places like Europe, we compensate for our lack of renewable energy purchases in Asia. This approach results in Google’s Scope 2 market-based emissions being greater than zero as per the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 2 Guidance , despite us achieving our 100% renewable energy match globally. To work toward eliminating GHG emissions associated with our electricity use (Scope 2 market-based emissions), we set the ambitious goal of achieving 24/7 carbon-free energy by 2030 . To attain this, we’re evolving from matching our annual energy consumption with renewable energy to sourcing carbon-free energy every hour of every day, everywhere. 30. See note 25 above. 14 Google Environmental Report 2022