Issues in Design Science and Research 39 clearly have an understanding of what ‘design’ is and do design based on their understanding. If not, they could not externalize their idea and could not apply the externalization in developing artefacts/products. It should be possible to identify scientific knowledge in design research, in which rationality and creativity are integrated, if human creativity is revealed through investigating the process of understanding. Next, we look at design knowledge from a problem-solving paradigm. This revealsdichotomies,gapsandlacksthatmustbeintegratedeffectivelytodevelopIT artefacts. The investigation also helps identify how scientific knowledge of design research can be positioned from the human-experientialdesign perspective. Design Knowledge in a Problem-Solving Paradigm The needed unification of apparent opposites has become an increasingly obvious issue within the information systems (IS) discipline, in efforts to produce effective health information systems (Walls et al. 1992; March and Smith 1995).These kinds of issue have also long been discussed in information systems (IS) design (Boland et al. 1994;Glass1999; Winograd 1996, 1997; Lyytinen and Hirschheim 1988). We can find several dichotomies in different aspects of this work, dealing with people,organization,technology,anddesign.Forexample,manyISresearchersand practitioners have discussed distinct paradigms of behavioural science and design science, which are foundationalto the IS discipline (Walls et al. 1992; Hevner et al. 2004). Whereas the behavioural science paradigm has its roots in natural or physical science research methods that explore what is true (i.e., principles and laws), the designscienceparadigmhasitsrootsinengineeringandthesciencesoftheartificial, whichseektocreatewhatiseffective(Simon1996;Tsichritzis1997;Denning1997; Hevner et al. 2004). Alexander (1969) commented that “scientists try to identify the components of existing structures, designers try to shape the components of structure”. Fielden (1975) described engineering design as “the use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the definition of a structure, machineor system to perform pre-specified functions with the maximum economy and efficiency”. Discussions of Alexander (1969) and Fielden (1975) are about the static structure of architectures and engineering, but can be applied to the dynamic structure of information systems as well (Walls et al. 1992). Design knowledge in IS research has been developed within the interaction between business strategy, IT strategy, organizational infrastructure, and IS infras- tructure (Hevner et al. 2004). In order to develop and implement information systems effectively within the interaction between them, problems need to be understoodand successfully solved. Design knowledgeand theory in IS disciplines has been defined as “a prescriptive theory that integrates normative and descriptive theories into design paths intended to produce more effective information systems” (Walls et al. 1992). According to Silver and Markus (1995), one reason is that