and Weber, 82 and Zionism, 206, 348, 363, 364. See also radicalism; socialism cosmopolitanism, 24, 247, 276 Cossacks, 106, 107, 141, 144, 161, 175, 180, 188–89, 190, 282, 308 craftsmen, 8, 10, 27, 333, 334, 335 Crédit Mobilier, 47 Crimea, 248, 294, 299, 336 culture: and communism, 97–98 during Great Terror, 275 and Jewish assimilation, 63, 67–75 of Jewish nationalism, 101 and liberalism, 71 and Mercurianism, 125 as mirror for host vs. strangers, 11, 21, 22 of modernity, 71 and nationalism, 61, 71 neutral secular, 51 and Pale Jews vs. non-Jews, 105–10 in Palestine, 213 and Petőfi, 97 Russian, 275–84, 282 of Russian Empire, 66–67, 69–70, 105–10 and Russian Jews, 72, 105–10, 125–27, 173 Soviet, 275–84, 334 and Soviet Jews, 225–42, 252, 302, 336 of United States, 213–15, 276 youth, 142, 143, 144, 145–46. See also arts; education; language; literacy; literature Czech language, 64 Czechoslovakia, 50, 313–14, 342, 354 Daniel, Yuli, 342 Dante, 45, 65, 66