in United States, 2, 104, 207, 318–19, 338, 348, 350. See also neutrality Lichter, S. Robert, 349 Lifshits, Mikhail, 233 Lissitzky, El (Lazar Markovich [Morduk–hovich] Lisitsky), 126, 179, 227 Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge , 199–200 literacy: among service nomads, 29 in Europe, 41 of Jewish Bolsheviks, 175 of Jews in Cheka, 177 as means, 20 as modern, 1 of Parsis, 31 of Soviet Jews, 222–23, 224, 252. See also education literature, 45, 65, 214, 239–42, 266. See also culture Lithuania, 50, 108, 337 Litvinov, Pavel, 342 Loez, 19 Lotman, Yuri, 342 Löwenthal, Leo, 86, 98 Lõwinger, József, 96–97 Lozovsky, Solomon, 299, 312–13 Lukács, Georg, 63, 96–97 Lunacharsky, A., 162, 179–80, 187–88 Luxemburg, Rosa, 85 Magyars, 72 Mahler, Gustav, 63 Maimonides, Moses, 170 Mairanovsky, G. M., 304–5 Maisky, I. M., 291 Malashkin, Sergei, 219, 220 Malays, 10, 33 Malinke, 22