collectivization in, 276 communism in, 104, 262, 314 and consumer society, 331 cosmopolitanism of, 247, 276 cultural elite of, 225–42 culture in, 334 disappearance of, 359–60 dissidents in, 342, 344–45 distinctions in, 208–9 economy of, 209, 210, 218, 219, 220, 222–23, 229, 230, 276, 333 education in, 222–23, 224–25, 226, 231, 232–34, 243, 247, 252, 253–54, 262, 274, 278–79, 301, 331 Ehrenburg’s Talmudic parody of, 94–95 engineers in, 333, 334 entrepreneurs in, 209 equality in, 335 ethnicity in, 246, 250, 274, 275, 276, 277, 285–86, 297, 301, 309, 314, 331, 335 ethnoterritorial units in, 247 First Five-Year Plan of, 229, 230, 253 Germans in, 299, 355 Great Retreat of, 277 Great Terror in, 254, 255, 269–70, 297 Great Transformation of, 220, 225, 227, 250, 276 Hebraism policy of, 247 and Holocaust, 337 and industry, 223, 249, 276 intelligentsia in, 224, 230, 233, 234, 254, 277, 340 intelligentsia vs. state in, 306–7, 331–35 Jewish emigration from, 341, 354–59, 370 and Jewish farmers, 248–49 Jewish success in, 327 Jews in leadership of, 251–52