135. Ibid., 23, 155, 30, 33, 111. 136. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 194–96, Chuev, Molotov , 332–33. 137. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 561–91, 598–600; G. Kostyrchenko, V plenu u krasnogo faraona (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1994), 242; Ethan Pollock, “The Politics of Knowledge: Party Ideology and Soviet Science, 1945–1953” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2000), 400, 413. 138. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 243–71, 266, 521–53, 259–64; Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury , 102. 139. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 533–34, 302, 329, 363. 140. Ibid., 603–26; L. L. Mininberg, Sovetskie evrei v nauke i promyshlennosti SSSR v period Vtoroi mirovoi voiny, 1941–1945 (Moscow: Its-Garant, 1995). 141. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 572–88; Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem , 156–69. 142. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 460–61; Sudoplatov, Razvedka i Kreml’ , 212, 255–56, 321–23, 329–35, 343–63, 464–66; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), 408–12, 418–19. For Soviet espionage in the United States, see John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999). 143. On Soviet dualism, see Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as Civilization (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), esp. 288–98; on the role of the war, see Weiner, Making Sense of War ; on late Stalinist ideology and science, see Pollock, “Politics of Knowledge.” The quotations are from I. V. Stalin, Sochineniia (Stanford: Hoover Instituion Press, 1967), vol. 3 (= 16), pp. 144, 146. 144. Getty and Naumov, The Road to Terror , 561; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 649 (italics in the original). 145. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 629–85. 146. Grossman, Zhizn’ i sud’ba , 431. 147. According to the data collected by Gennady Kostyrchenko (unconfirmed by a detailed archival investigation because of the inaccessibility of many relevant files), the attack on “Jewish bourgeois nationalism” resulted in approximately five hundred arrests and about fifty executions. I am grateful to Professor Kostyrchenko for sharing his conclusions with me. 148. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 592. 149. Ibid., 264. 150. See, esp., Mordechai Altshuler, “More about Public Reaction to the Doctors’ Plot,” Jews in Eastern Europe 30, no. 2 (Fall 1996): 24–57; A. Lokshin, “ ‘Delo vrachei’: ‘Otkliki trudiashchikhsia,’ ” Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve , no. 1 (1994): 52–62; and Weiner, Making Sense of War , 290–97. 151. Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie , 69. 152. Sudoplatov, Razvedka i Kreml’ , 41, 349–61, 470–71. 153. Ibid., 361; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 452; Nepravednyi sud , 267, 271–72. 154. Nepravednyi sud , 341, 142, 146–47, 150–51, 172, 176, 196, 368. 155. George Schöpflin, “Jewish Assimilation in Hungary: A Moot Point,” in Jewish Assimilation in Modern Times , ed. Bela Vago (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1981), 80–81; Stephen Fischer-Galati, “The Radical Left and Assimilation: The Case of Romania,” in Vago, Jewish Assimilation , 98–99; Schatz, The Generation , 181–85, 206–29; András Kovacs, “The Jewish Question in Contemporary Hungary,” in The Hungarian Holocaust: Forty Years After , ed. Randolph L. Braham and Bela Vago (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 210–17. See also Jeffrey Herf, East German Communists and the Jewish Question: The Case of Paul Merker (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1994). 156. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, Jews and the New American Scene (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 96; Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture , 10. 157. Rubinstein, The Left, the Right, and the Jews , 57–58, 73; Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American