in Russian Empire, 6, 111, 115 in Soviet Union, 336 as traders, 34 Armstrong, John A., 112 Arnold, Matthew, 55, 65, 263 Aronson, Naum, 134–35 Arosev, A., The Notes of Terenty the Forgotten , 197–98 artisans, 28 and Prometheus, 8 Russian Jewish, 105, 115, 122, 155 segregation of, 10 as violators of norms, 23 arts, 63 European Jews in, 50, 51 Russian Jews in, 126 Soviet, 342–43 Soviet Jews in, 224, 225, 226, 329. See also culture Asch, Sholem, 186 assimilation, 22, 60–64, 67–75, 96, 163, 207, 300, 361 Austria, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 62, 63, 85–86 Austro-Hungarian language, 64 Aven, Petr, 362 Averbukh, Susanna, 136 Axelrod, P. B., 151 Azbel, David, 345 Azerbaijanis, 273, 336 Babel, Isaak, 160–62, 304, 324 and Aliger, 282, 283 “Childhood. At Grandmother’s,” 130–31, 132–34 Cossacks in, 141, 188–89, 190 execution of, 271–72 father of, 139