in Soviet Union, 276–77. See also civil service pollution. See purity/pollution Pol Pot, 38 Popper, Karl, 63 populism, 141, 148, 150, 213 Portugal, 66, 327 Preuss, Hugo, 85 professions: of American Jews, 261, 315–16, 318, 350 and assimilation, 62, 63 diaspora Jews in, 1, 30 European Jews in, 49–52, 62, 63, 70–71, 72, 90, 91, 104 and Freudianism, 319 of Germans in Russian Empire, 112–13 liberal, 62, 63 and modernity, 142, 207, 332 and nationalism, 207 Russian Empire Jews in, 116, 118, 123–25, 143–44, 154, 158 Russian Federation Jews in, 362 and socialism, 207 and Soviet Communist Party, 306–7