Notes C HAPTER 1 M ERCURY ’ S S ANDALS : T HE J EWS AND O THER N OMADS 1. David Nemeth, “Patterns of Genesis among Peripatetics: Preliminary Notes from the Korean Archipelago,” in The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective , ed. Aparna Rao (Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 1987), 159–78; George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma, Japan’s Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966), 20–28; Michael Bollig, “Ethnic Relations and Spatial Mobility in Africa: A Review of the Peripatetic Niche,” in Rao, The Other Nomads , 179–228; James H. Vaughn, Jr., “Caste Systems in the Western Sudan,” in Social Stratification in Africa , ed. Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov (New York: Free Press, 1970), 59–92; Sharon Bohn Gmelch, “Groups That Don’t Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities,” Annual Review of Anthropology 15 (1986): 307–30; Asta Olesen, “Peddling in East Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi,” in Rao, The Other Nomads , 35– 64; Hanna Rauber-Schweizer, “Trade in Far West Nepal: The Economic Adaptation of the Peripatetic Humli-Khyampa,” in Rao, The Other Nomads , 65–88; Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 19. I follow most anthropologists in using the term “Gypsy” because not all groups usually covered by it are Romani-speakers or “Rom” in self- designation. 2. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade , 186–206; Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 82–89; John A. Armstrong, “Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas,” American Political Science Review 70, no. 2 (June 1976): 400; John A. Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 210. 3. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 102; Dominique Casajus, “Crafts and Ceremonies: The Inadan in Tuareg Society,” in Rao, The Other Nomads , 291–310; William Lancaster and Fidelity Lancaster, “The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Society,” in Rao, The Other Nomads , 311–22; Hagop Barsoumian, “Economic Role of the Armenian Amira Class in the Ottoman Empire,” Armenian Review 31 (March 1979): 310–16; Hillel Levine, Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 59–73. 4. Edna Bonacich, “A Theory of Middleman Minorities,” American Sociological Review 38, no. 5 (October 1973): 583–94; Paul Mark Axelrod, “A Social and Demographic Comparison of Parsis, Saraswat Brahmins and Jains in Bombay” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1974), 26–39, 60; Charles A. Jones, International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987), esp. 50 and 81–84; T. M. Luhrmann, The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 78–91; D. Stanley Eitzen, “Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines,” Jewish Journal of Sociology 10, no. 2 (December 1968): 221–40; Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds., Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe (Seattle: