defeat its transcendentally inclined socialist nemesis. Both Freud and Marx came from middle-class Jewish families. Freud’s was a bit more Jewish (his parents were Ostjude immigrants from Galicia to Moravia), Marx’s a bit more middle-class (his father, Herschel Levi, had become Heinrich Marx, a lawyer, a convinced Aufklärer , and a nominal Christian before Karl was born). Accordingly, each is probably best understood in the light of the other man’s doctrine: Freud became the great savior of the middle class, Marx assailed the world in order to slay his Jewish father (and insisted that capitalism would be buried by its own progeny). “What is the secular basis of Judaism?” he wrote when he was twenty-five years old. “ Practical need, self-interest. What is the secular cult of the Jew? Haggling . What is his secular God? Money . Well then! Emancipation from haggling and from money , i.e. from practical, real Judaism, would be the same as the self-emancipation of our age.” To be more specific, The Jew has emancipated himself in a Jewish way not only by acquiring financial power but also because through him and apart from him money has become a world power and the practical Jewish spirit has become the practical spirit of the Christian peoples. The Jews have emancipated themselves in so far as the Christians have become Jews. Hence, As soon as society succeeds in abolishing the empirical essence of Judaism—the market and the conditions which give rise to it—the Jew will have become impossible , for his consciousness will no longer have an object, the subjective basis of Judaism—practical need—will have become humanized and the conflict between man’s individual sensuous existence and his species-existence will have been superseded. 61 Any exploration of the national origins of the two doctrines is necessarily speculative—as are the many theories that try to explain their particular qualities and fortunes by relating them to the Judaic tradition. But it is undeniable that both appealed greatly to more or less middle-class Jewish audiences: Freudianism to the more middle-class, Marxism to the more Jewish (i.e., Yiddish). The two promises of nonnationalist salvation from modern loneliness were heeded by those lonely moderns who could not or would not be helped by nationalism. No wonder, then, that the wandering Jewish apostate Leopold Bloom, who