and Russians, 329 in science, 224, 329, 330, 335, 336 and secret police, 177, 221, 254–55, 304, 360 self–identification as, 241 and shtetl, 247^8, 252 Solzhenitsyn on guilt of, 360 and state, 242–43 as state employees, 223–24 as strangers, 237, 354 success of, 247, 327, 329, 369 as traders, 218 as tribal aliens, 354 Ulanov–skaia on, 361 urbanism of, 252 wealth of, 218, 222 as writers, 224, 225, 226, 302. See also Soviet Union Jogisches, Leo, 85 journalism, 41, 50, 104, 303, 315 Joyce, James, 77–79, 84 Ulysses , 77–79, 84, 87–90 Judaism: and Christianity, 318 vs. communism, 206 and Marx, 93–94 and Marxism, 83–85, 98 revolt against, 137 Soviet policy toward, 247 Jussawalla, Adil, 60 Kabakov, Ilya, 343 Kafka, Franz, 63, 75–76 Kaganova, Emma, 311 Kaganovich, Lazar, 97, 248, 294 Reminiscences of a Worker, Communist–Bolshevik, and a Trade Union, Party,