Contents Preface 4 Key Findings 5 1 Benchmarking gender gaps, 2023 9 1.1 Country coverage 9 1.2 Global results 10 1.3 Performance by subindex 12 1.4 Progress over time 15 1.5 Performance by region 19 1.6 In-focus country performances: Top 10 and 15 most 27 populous Endnotes 32 2 Gender gaps in the workforce 33 2.1 Evolving gender gaps in the global labour market 33 2.2 Workforce representation across industries 37 2.3 Representation of women in senior leadership 38 2.4 Gender gaps in the labour markets of the future 44 2.5 Gender gaps in the skills of the future 47 2.6 Gender gaps in political leadership 53 2.7 DEI programmes to close gender gaps 55 2.8 Putting gender parity at the heart of economic recovery and 57 transformation Endnotes 59 References 60 Appendix A 61 Appendix B 62 Endnotes 75 References 76 User’s Guide 77 Contributors and Acknowledgements 373 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 3