INSIGHT REPORT JUNE 2023

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Contents Preface 4 Key Findings 5 1 Benchmarking gender gaps, 2023 9 1.1 Country coverage 9 1.2 Global results 10 1.3 Performance by subindex 12 1.4 Progress over time 15 1.5 Performance by region 19 1.6 In-focus country performances: Top 10 and 15 most 27 populous Endnotes 32 2 Gender gaps in the workforce 33 2.1 Evolving gender gaps in the global labour market 33 2.2 Workforce representation across industries 37 2.3 Representation of women in senior leadership 38 2.4 Gender gaps in the labour markets of the future 44 2.5 Gender gaps in the skills of the future 47 2.6 Gender gaps in political leadership 53 2.7 DEI programmes to close gender gaps 55 2.8 Putting gender parity at the heart of economic recovery and 57 transformation Endnotes 59 References 60 Appendix A 61 Appendix B 62 Endnotes 75 References 76 User’s Guide 77 Contributors and Acknowledgements 373 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 3

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Preface Saadia Zahidi Managing Director Recent years have been marked by major between participating countries and a wider setbacks for gender parity globally, with previous network of leaders. Focusing on corporate action, progress disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic’s the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Lighthouse impact on women and girls in education and the Programme brings together a cross-industry group workforce, followed by economic and geopolitical of organizations taking action to drive better and crises. Today, some parts of the world are seeing faster DEI outcomes through CEO leadership, and partial recoveries while others are experiencing knowledge-sharing on initiatives that have achieved deteriorations as new crises unfold. Global gender signi昀椀cant, quanti昀椀able and sustained impact for gaps in health and education have narrowed underrepresented groups. over the past year, yet progress on political empowerment is effectively at a standstill, and This year’s edition of the Global Gender Gap women’s economic participation has regressed Report also analyses new data on labour market rather than recovered. outcomes for women, at both the macro-economic and industry level. We are grateful to LinkedIn The tepid progress on persistently large gaps and Coursera for their continued collaboration in documented in this seventeenth edition of the providing unique data and new measures to track Global Gender Gap Report creates an urgent case gender gaps in workforce participation, senior for renewed and concerted action. Accelerating leadership and online skilling. We also thank the progress towards gender parity will not only members of the Centre for the New Economy and improve outcomes for women and girls but bene昀椀t Society Advisory Board for their leadership, the over economies and societies more widely, reviving 150 partners of the Centre, and the Global Future growth, boosting innovation and increasing Council on the Future of the Care Economy and resilience. The report provides a tool for consistent Community of Chief Diversity and Inclusion Of昀椀cers tracking of gender gaps across the economic, for expert guidance, as well as a network of national political, health and education spheres, and is ministries of economy, education and labour for designed for leaders to identify areas for individual their commitment to advancing gender parity. and collective action. We would like to express our gratitude to Silja At the World Economic Forum, the Centre for Baller, Kusum Kali Pal, Kim Piaget and Ricky Li the New Economy and Society complements for their leadership of this project. We would also measurement of gender gaps with a set of initiatives like to thank our colleagues Attilio Di Battista, Eoin and coalitions dedicated to advancing progress. O’Cathasaigh, Gulipairi Maimaiti and Mark Rayner The Gender Parity Accelerators are working for their support. towards gender parity in economic participation – scaling policies and strategies to improve women’s We hope the data and analysis provided in this representation in the workforce and in leadership report can further accelerate the speed of travel – as well as pay equity. Accelerators are currently towards parity by catalysing and informing action present in 14 countries in Latin America and the by public- and private-sector leaders in their Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, efforts to close the global gender gap. With the Central Asia, East Asia and the Paci昀椀c, and Sub- myriad challenges the world faces, we need the full Saharan Africa. The Global Learning Network linked power of human creativity and collaboration to 昀椀nd to the Accelerators surfaces successful policies pathways to shared prosperity. and practices and promotes knowledge exchange Global Gender Gap Report 2023 4

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Key Findings The Global Gender Gap Index annually benchmarks levels, the overall rate of change has slowed down the current state and evolution of gender parity signi昀椀cantly. Even reverting back to the time horizon across four key dimensions (Economic Participation of 100 years to parity projected in the 2020 edition and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health would require a signi昀椀cant acceleration of progress. and Survival, and Political Empowerment). It is the longest-standing index tracking the progress of – According to the 2023 Global Gender Gap numerous countries’ efforts towards closing these Index no country has yet achieved full gender gaps over time, since its inception in 2006. parity, although the top nine countries (Iceland, Norway, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden, This year, the 17th edition of the Global Gender Germany, Nicaragua, Namibia and Lithuania) Gap Index benchmarks gender parity across 146 have closed at least 80% of their gap. For the countries, providing a basis for robust cross- 14th year running, Iceland (91.2%) takes the top country analysis. Further, examining a subset of 102 position. It also continues to be the only country countries that have been included in every edition to have closed more than 90% of its gender of the index since 2006 provides a large constant gap. sample for time-series analysis. The Global Gender Gap Index measures scores on a 0 to 100 scale – The global top 昀椀ve is completed by three other and scores can be interpreted as the distance Nordic countries – Norway (87.9%, 2nd), covered towards parity (i.e. the percentage of the Finland (86.3%, 3rd) and Sweden (81.5%, gender gap that has been closed). Cross-country 5th) – with one country from East Asia and the comparisons support the identi昀椀cation of the most Paci昀椀c – New Zealand (85.6%, 4th) – ranked effective policies to close gender gaps. 4th. Additionally, from Europe, Germany (81.5%) moves up to 6th place (from 10th), Lithuania Key 昀椀ndings include the index results in 2023, trend (80.0.%) returns to the top 10 economies, analysis of the trajectory towards parity and data taking 9th place, and Belgium (79.6%) joins deep dives through new metrics partnerships and the top 10 for the 昀椀rst time in 10th place. One contextual data. country from Latin America (Nicaragua, 81.1%) and one from Sub-Saharan Africa (Namibia, 80.2%) – complete this year’s top 10, taking Global results and time to parity the 7th and 8th positions, respectively. The two countries that drop out of the top 10 in 2023 are Ireland (79.5%,11th, down from 9th in 2022) The global gender gap score in 2023 for all 146 and Rwanda (79.4%, 12th, down from 6th). countries included in this edition stands at 68.4% closed. Considering the constant sample of 145 – For the 146 countries covered in the 2023 countries covered in both the 2022 and 2023 index, the Health and Survival gender gap has editions, the overall score changed from 68.1% to closed by 96%, the Educational Attainment 68.4%, an improvement of 0.3 percentage points gap by 95.2%, Economic Participation and compared to last year’s edition. Opportunity gap by 60.1%, and Political Empowerment gap by 22.1%. When considering the 102 countries covered continuously from 2006 to 2023, the gap is 68.6% – Based on the constant sample of 102 countries closed in 2023, recovering to the level reported covered in all editions since 2006, there is in the 2020 edition and advancing by a modest an advancement from 95.3% to 96.1% on 4.1 percentage points since the 昀椀rst edition of the Educational Attainment between 2022 and report in 2006. At the current rate of progress, it 2023, moving beyond pre-pandemic levels, will take 131 years to reach full parity. While the and an improvement from 95.7% to 95.9% for global parity score has recovered to pre-pandemic the Health and Survival dimension. The Political Global Gender Gap Report 2023 5

Empowerment score edges up from 22.4% progress, Latin America and the Caribbean will to 22.5% and Economic Participation and take 53 years to attain full gender parity. Opportunity regresses from 60.0% in 2022 to 59.8% in 2023. – At 69% parity, Eurasia and Central Asia ranks 4th out of the eight regions on the overall – At the current rate of progress over the 2006- Gender Gap Index. Based on the aggregated 2023 span, it will take 162 years to close the scores of the constant sample of countries Political Empowerment gender gap, 169 years included since 2006, the parity score since the for the Economic Participation and Opportunity 2020 edition has stagnated, although there has gender gap, and 16 years for the Educational been an improvement of 3.2 percentage points Attainment gender gap. The time to close since 2006. Moldova, Belarus and Armenia the Health and Survival gender gap remains are the highest-ranking countries in the region, unde昀椀ned. while Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Türkiye rank the lowest. The difference in parity between Regional results and time to the highest and the lowest ranked country is parity 14.9 percentage points. At the current rate of progress, it will take 167 years for the Eurasia and Central Asia region to reach gender parity. Gender parity in Europe (76.3%) surpasses the parity level in North America (75%) this year to rank – East Asia and the Paci昀椀c is at 68.8% parity, 昀椀rst of eight geographic regions. Closely behind marking the 昀椀fth-highest score out of the eight Europe and North America is Latin America and the regions. Progress towards parity has been Caribbean, with 74.3% parity. Trailing more than stagnating for over a decade and the region 5 percentage points behind Latin America and the registers a 0.2 percentage-point decline since Caribbean are Eurasia and Central Asia (69%) as the last edition. New Zealand, the Philippines well as East Asia and the Paci昀椀c (68.8%). Sub- and Australia have the highest parity at the Saharan Africa ranks 6th (68.2%), slightly below the regional level, with Australia and New Zealand global weighted average score (68.3%). Southern also being the two most-improved economies Asia (63.4%) overtakes the Middle East and North in the region. On the other hand, Fiji, Myanmar Africa (62.6%), which is, in 2023, the region furthest and Japan are at the bottom of the list, with away from parity. Fiji, Myanmar and Timor-Leste registering the largest declines. At the current rate of progress, – Across all subindexes, Europe has the highest it will take 189 years for the region to reach gender parity of all regions at 76.3%, with gender parity. one-third of countries in the region ranking in the top 20 and 20 out of 36 countries with at – Sub-Saharan Africa’s parity score is the sixth- least 75% parity. Iceland, Norway and Finland highest among the eight regions at 68.2%, are the best-performing countries, both in the ranking above Southern Asia and the Middle region and in the world, while Hungary, Czech East and North Africa. Progress in the region Republic and Cyprus rank at the bottom of has been uneven. Namibia, Rwanda and South the region. Overall, there is a decline of 0.2 Africa, along with 13 other countries, have percentage points in the regional score based closed more than 70% of the overall gender on the constant sample of countries. At the gap. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, current rate of progress, Europe is projected to Mali and Chad are the lowest-performing attain gender parity in 67 years. countries, with scores below 62%. Based on the constant sample, this marks a marginal – Just behind Europe, North America ranks improvement of 0.1 percentage points. At the second, having closed 75% of the gap, which is current rate of progress, it will take 102 years to 1.9 percentage points lower than the previous close the gender gap in Sub-Saharan Africa. edition. While Canada has registered a 0.2 percentage-point decline in the overall parity – Southern Asia has achieved 63.4% gender score since the last edition, the United States parity, the second-lowest score of the eight has seen a reduction of 2.1 percentage points. regions. The score has risen by 1.1 percentage At the current rate of progress, 95 years will be points since the last edition on the basis of the needed to close the gender gap for the region. constant sample of countries covered since 2006, which can be partially attributed to the – With incremental progress towards gender rise in scores of populous countries such as parity since 2017, Latin America and the India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Along with Caribbean has bridged 74.3% of its overall Bhutan, these are the countries in Southern gender gap, a 1.7 percentage-point increase Asia that have seen an improvement of 0.5 in overall gender parity since last year. After percentage points or more in their scores since Europe and North America, the region has the the last edition. Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri third-highest level of parity. Nicaragua, Costa Lanka are the best-performing countries in the Rica and Jamaica register the highest parity region, while Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan are scores in this region and Belize, Paraguay and at the bottom of both the regional and global Guatemala the lowest. At the current rate of ranking tables. At the current rate of progress, Global Gender Gap Report 2023 6

full parity in the region will be achieved in 149 nearly 10 percentage points lower. Women’s years. representation drops to 25% in C-suite positions on average, which is just more than half of the – In comparison to other regions, the Middle representation in entry-level positions, at 46%. East and North Africa remains the furthest Different industries display different intensities away from parity, with a 62.6% parity score. and patterns when it comes to this “drop This is a 0.9 percentage-point decline in parity to the top”. Women fare relatively better in since the last edition for this region, based on industries such as Consumer Services, Retail, the constant sample of countries covered since and Education, which register ratios of C-suite 2006. The United Arab Emirates, Israel and vs entry level representation between 64% and Bahrain have achieved the highest parity in the 68%. Construction, Financial Services, and region, while Morocco, Oman and Algeria rank Real Estate present the toughest conditions for the lowest. The region’s three most populous aspiring female leaders, with a ratio of C-suite to countries – Egypt, Algeria and Morocco – entry-level representation of less than 50%. For register declines in their parity scores since the the past eight years, the proportion of women last edition. At the current rate of progress, full hired into leadership positions has been steadily regional parity will be attained in 152 years. increasing by about 1% per year globally. However, this trend shows a clear reversal Evolving gender gaps in the starting in 2022, which brings the 2023 rate global labour market back to 2021 levels. – Gender gaps in the labour markets of the The state of gender parity in the labour market future: Science, technology, engineering remains a major challenge. Not only has women’s and mathematics (STEM) occupations are an participation in the labour market globally slipped important set of jobs that are well remunerated in recent years, but other markers of economic and expected to grow in signi昀椀cance and scope opportunity have been showing substantive in the future. Linkedin data on members’ job disparities between women and men. While women pro昀椀les show that women remain signi昀椀cantly have (re-)entered the labour force at higher rates underrepresented in the STEM workforce. than men globally, leading to a small recovery in Women make up almost half (49.3%) of total gender parity in the labour-force participation rate employment across non-STEM occupations, since the 2022 edition, gaps remain wide overall but just 29.2% of all STEM workers. While the and are apparent in several speci昀椀c dimensions. percentage of female STEM graduates entering into STEM employment is increasing with every – Evolving gender gaps in the global labour cohort, the numbers on the integration of STEM market: Women have been (re-)entering the university graduates into the labour market workforce at a slightly higher rate than men, show that the retention of women in STEM even resulting in a modest recovery from last year’s one year after graduating sees a signi昀椀cant low. Between the 2022 and 2023 edition, parity drop. Women currently account for 29.4% of in the labour-force participation rate increased entry-level workers; yet for high-level leadership from 63% to 64%. However, the recovery in roles such as VP and C-suite, representation women’s labour-force participation remains drops to 17.8% and 12.4%, respectively. When un昀椀nished, as parity is still at the second-lowest it comes to arti昀椀cial intelligence (AI) speci昀椀cally, point since the 昀椀rst edition of the index in 2006 talent availability overall has surged, increasing and signi昀椀cantly below its 2009 peak of 69%. six times between 2016 and 2022, yet female Compounding these patterns, women continue representation in AI is progressing very slowly. to face higher unemployment rates than men, The percentage of women working in AI today with a global unemployment rate at around is approximately 30%, roughly 4 percentage 4.5% for women and 4.3% for men. Even when points higher than it was in 2016. women secure employment, they often face substandard working conditions: a signi昀椀cant – Gender gaps in the skills of the future: portion of the recovery in employment since Online learning offers 昀氀exibility, accessibility 2020 can be attributed to informal employment, and customization, enabling learners to whereby out of every 昀椀ve jobs created for acquire knowledge in a manner that suits women, four are within the informal economy; their speci昀椀c needs and circumstances. for men, the ratio is two out of every three jobs. However, women and men currently do not have equal opportunties and access to – Workforce representation across industries: these online platforms, given the persistent Global data provided by LinkedIn shows digital divide. Even when they do use these persistent skewing in women’s representation platforms, there are gender gaps in skilling, in the workforce and leadership across especially those skills that are projected to industries. In LinkedIn’s sample, which covers grow in importance and demand. Data from 163 countries, women account for 41.9% of Coursera suggests that as of 2022, except the workforce in 2023, yet the share of women for teaching and mentoring courses, there is in senior leadership positions (Director, Vice- disparity in enrolment in every skill category. President (VP) or C-suite) is at 32.2% in 2023, For enrolment in technology skills such as Global Gender Gap Report 2023 7

technological literacy (43.7% parity) and AI and – DEI programmes to close gender gaps: In the big data (33.7%), which are among the top 10 private sector, the scope of gender parity action skills projected to grow, there is less than 50% by pioneering 昀椀rms has begun to broaden from parity and progress has been sluggish. Across a focus on the workforce to whole-of-business all skill categories, the gender gaps tend to approaches encompassing inclusive design, widen as pro昀椀ciency levels increase. However, inclusive supply chains and community impact. when women do enrol, they tend to attain The World Economic Forum’s 2023 Future of most pro昀椀ciency levels across skill categories Jobs Survey suggests that more than two-thirds studied in less time compared to men. of the organizations surveyed have implemented a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) – Gender gaps in political leadership: Much programme. The majority (79%) of companies like in the case of representation of women in surveyed are implementing DEI programmes business leadership, gender gaps in political with a focus on women. leadership continue to persist. Although there has been an increase in the number Increasing women’s economic participation and of women holding political decision-making achieving gender parity in leadership, in both posts worldwide, achieving gender parity business and government, are two key levers for remains a distant goal and regional disparities addressing broader gender gaps in households, are signi昀椀cant. As of 31 December 2022, societies and economies. Collective, coordinated approximately 27.9% of the global population, and bold action by private- and public-sector equivalent to 2.12 billion people, live in countries leaders will be instrumental in accelerating progress with a female head of state. While this indicator towards gender parity and igniting renewed growth experienced stagnation between 2013 and and greater resilience. Recent years have seen 2021, 2022 witnessed a signi昀椀cant increase. major setbacks and the state of gender parity still Another recent positive trend is observed for the varies widely by company, industry and economy. share of women in parliaments. In 2013, only Yet, a growing number of actors have recognized 18.7% of parliament members globally were the importance and urgency of taking action, and women among the 76 countries with consistent evidence on effective gender parity initiatives is data. By 2022, this number had risen steadily to solidifying. We hope the data and analysis provided 22.9%. Signi昀椀cant strides have also been made in this report can further accelerate the speed of in terms of women’s representation in local travel towards parity by catalysing and informing government globally. Out of the 117 countries action by public- and private-sector leaders in their with available data since 2017, 18 countries, efforts to close the global gender gap. including Bolivia (50.4%), India (44.4%) and France (42.3%), have achieved representation of women of over 40% in local governance. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 8

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 1 Benchmarking gender gaps, 2023 The Global Gender Gap Index was 昀椀rst introduced The goal of the report is to offer a consistent annual by the World Economic Forum in 2006 to metric for the assessment of progress over time. benchmark progress towards gender parity and Using the methodology introduced in 2006, the compare countries’ gender gaps across four index and the analysis focus on benchmarking dimensions: economic opportunities, education, parity between women and men across countries health and political leadership. and regions. FIGURE 1.1 The Global Gender Gap Index Framework The level of progress toward gender parity (the parity score) for each indicator is calculated as Subindex 1 the ratio of the value of each indicator for women Economic Participation and Opportunity to the value for men. A parity score of 1 indicates full parity. The gender gap is the distance from full Subindex 2 parity. Educational Attainment The analysis in this report is focused on assessing Subindex 3 gender gaps between women and men across Health and Survival economic, educational, health and political outcomes based on the data available (Figure 1.1). Subindex 4 Political Empowerment For further information on the index methodology, please refer to Appendix B. Source World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. 1.1 Country coverage To ensure a global representation of the gender It should be noted that there may be time lags in gap, the report aims to cover as many economies the data collection and validation processes across as possible. For a country to be included, it must the organizations from which the data is sourced, report data for a minimum 12 of the 14 indicators and that all results should be interpreted within a that comprise the index. We also aim to include range of global, regional and national contextual the latest data available, reported within the last 10 factors. The Economy Pro昀椀les at the end of the years. report provide a large range of additional data. The report this year covers 146 countries. In this edition, Croatia rejoins the index, whereas Guyana drops out. Among the 146 countries included this year are a set of 102 countries that have been covered in all editions since the inaugural one in 2006. Scores based on this constant set of countries are used to compare regional and global aggregates across time. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 9

1.2 Global results The Global Gender Gap score in 2023 for all 146 Table 1.1 shows the 2023 Global Gender Gap countries included in this edition stands at 68.4% rankings and the scores for all 146 countries closed. Considering the constant sample of 145 included in this year’s report. Although no country countries covered in the 2022 and 2023 editions, has yet achieved full gender parity, the top nine the overall score changed from 68.1% to 68.4%, an countries (Iceland, Norway, Finland, New Zealand, improvement of 0.3 percentage points compared Sweden, Germany, Nicaragua, Namibia and to last year’s edition. When considering the 102 Lithuania) have closed at least 80% of their gap. For countries covered continuously from 2006 to 2023, the 14th year running, Iceland (91.2%) takes the top the gap is 68.6% closed. position. It also continues to be the only country to have closed more than 90% of its gender gap. The Compared to last year, progress towards narrowing global top 昀椀ve is completed by three other Nordic the gender gap has been more widespread: 42 of countries – Norway (87.9%, 2nd), Finland (86.3%, the 145 economies covered in both the 2022 and 3rd) and Sweden (81.5%, 5th) – and one country 2023 editions improved their gender parity score from East Asia and the Paci昀椀c – New Zealand by at least 1 percentage point since the previous (85.6%, 4th). Additionally, from Europe, Germany edition and 40 other countries registered gains (81.5%) moves up to 6th place (from 10th), of less than 1 percentage point. The economies Lithuania (80.0.%) returns to the top 10 economies, with the greatest increase in score (gains of 4 taking 9th place, and Belgium (79.6%) joins the top percentage points or more) are Liberia (score: 10 for the 昀椀rst time in 10th place. One country from 76%, +5.1 percentage points since the previous Latin America (Nicaragua, 81.1%) and one from edition), Estonia (78.2%, +4.8 percentage points), Sub-Saharan Africa (Namibia, 80.2%) – complete Bhutan (68.2%, +4.5 percentage points), Malawi this year’s top 10, taking the 7th and 8th positions, (67.6%, +4.4 percentage points), Colombia (75.1%, respectively. The two countries that drop out of the +4.1 percentage points) and Chile (77.7%, +4.1 top 10 in 2023 are Ireland (79.5%,11th, down from percentage points). 9th place) and Rwanda (79.4%, 12th, down from 6th place in 2022). While there is an increase in the number of countries registering at least a marginal improvement, such progress is mitigated by an increase in the number of countries with declining scores steeper than 1 percentage point (from 12 in 2022 to 35 in 2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023 10

TABLE 1.1 The Global Gender Gap Index 2023 rankings Rank Country Score Rank Rank Country Score Rank Score change change Score change change 0–1 2022 2022 0–1 2022 2022 1 Iceland 0.912 +0.004 - 74 Thailand 0.711 +0.002 +5 █ █ 2 Norway 0.879 +0.034 +1 75 Ethiopia 0.711 +0.001 -1 █ █ 3 Finland 0.863 +0.003 -1 76 Georgia 0.708 -0.022 -21 █ █ 4 New Zealand 0.856 +0.014 - 77 Kenya 0.708 -0.021 -20 █ █ 5 Sweden 0.815 -0.007 - 78 Uganda 0.706 -0.017 -17 █ █ 6 Germany 0.815 +0.014 +4 79 Italy 0.705 -0.015 -16 █ █ 7 Nicaragua 0.811 +0.001 - 80 Mongolia 0.704 -0.010 -10 █ █ 8 Namibia 0.802 -0.005 - 81 Dominican Republic 0.704 +0.001 +3 █ █ 9 Lithuania 0.800 +0.001 +2 82 Lesotho 0.702 +0.002 +5 █ █ 10 Belgium 0.796 +0.003 +4 83 Israel 0.701 -0.026 -23 █ █ 11 Ireland 0.795 -0.010 -2 84 Kyrgyzstan 0.700 - +2 █ █ 12 Rwanda 0.794 -0.017 -6 85 Zambia 0.699 -0.025 -23 █ █ 13 Latvia 0.794 +0.023 +13 86 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.698 -0.012 -13 █ █ 14 Costa Rica 0.793 -0.003 -2 87 Indonesia 0.697 +0.001 +5 █ █ 15 United Kingdom 0.792 +0.012 +7 88 Romania 0.697 -0.001 +2 █ █ 16 Philippines 0.791 +0.009 +3 89 Belize 0.696 +0.002 +6 █ █ 17 Albania 0.791 +0.004 +1 90 Togo 0.696 -0.001 +1 █ █ 18 Spain 0.791 +0.002 -1 91 Paraguay 0.695 -0.012 -11 █ █ 19 Moldova, Republic of 0.788 -0.001 -3 92 Cambodia 0.695 +0.005 +6 █ █ 20 South Africa 0.787 +0.005 - 93 Greece 0.693 +0.005 +7 █ █ 21 Switzerland 0.783 -0.012 -8 94 Cameroon 0.693 +0.002 +3 █ █ 22 Estonia 0.782 +0.048 +30 95 Timor-Leste 0.693 -0.037 -39 █ █ 23 Denmark 0.780 +0.017 +9 96 Brunei Darussalam 0.693 +0.013 +8 █ █ 24 Jamaica 0.779 +0.031 +14 97 Azerbaijan 0.692 +0.005 +4 █ █ 25 Mozambique 0.778 +0.025 +9 98 Mauritius 0.689 +0.011 +7 █ █ 26 Australia 0.778 +0.040 +17 99 Hungary 0.689 -0.010 -11 █ █ 27 Chile 0.777 +0.041 +20 100 Ghana 0.688 +0.016 +8 █ █ 28 Netherlands 0.777 +0.009 - 101 Czech Republic 0.685 -0.024 -25 █ █ 29 Slovenia 0.773 +0.029 +10 102 Malaysia 0.682 +0.001 +1 █ █ 30 Canada 0.770 -0.002 -5 103 Bhutan 0.682 +0.045 +23 █ █ 31 Barbados 0.769 +0.005 -1 104 Senegal 0.680 +0.012 +8 █ █ 32 Portugal 0.765 -0.001 -3 105 Korea, Republic of 0.680 -0.010 -6 █ █ 33 Mexico 0.765 +0.001 -2 106 Cyprus 0.678 -0.018 -13 █ █ 34 Peru 0.764 +0.015 +3 107 China 0.678 -0.004 -5 █ █ 35 Burundi 0.763 -0.013 -11 108 Vanuatu 0.678 +0.008 +3 █ █ 36 Argentina 0.762 +0.006 -3 109 Burkina Faso 0.676 +0.017 +6 █ █ 37 Cabo Verde 0.761 +0.024 +8 110 Malawi 0.676 +0.044 +22 █ █ 38 Serbia 0.760 -0.019 -15 111 Tajikistan 0.672 +0.009 +3 █ █ 39 Liberia 0.760 +0.051 +39 112 Sierra Leone 0.667 -0.005 -3 █ █ 40 France 0.756 -0.035 -25 113 Bahrain 0.666 +0.034 +18 █ █ 41 Belarus 0.752 +0.002 -5 114 Comoros 0.664 +0.033 +20 █ █ 42 Colombia 0.751 +0.041 +33 115 Sri Lanka 0.663 -0.007 -5 █ █ 43 United States of America 0.748 -0.021 -16 116 Nepal 0.659 -0.033 -20 █ █ 44 Luxembourg 0.747 +0.011 +2 117 Guatemala 0.659 -0.006 -4 █ █ 45 Zimbabwe 0.746 +0.012 +5 118 Angola 0.656 +0.018 +7 █ █ 46 Eswatini 0.745 +0.017 +12 119 Gambia 0.651 +0.010 +2 █ █ 47 Austria 0.740 -0.041 -26 120 Kuwait 0.651 +0.018 +10 █ █ 48 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.740 +0.020 +16 121 Fiji 0.650 -0.026 -14 █ █ 49 Singapore 0.739 +0.005 - 122 Côte d'Ivoire 0.650 +0.018 +11 █ █ 50 Ecuador 0.737 -0.005 -9 123 Myanmar 0.650 -0.027 -17 █ █ 51 Madagascar 0.737 +0.002 -3 124 Maldives 0.649 +0.001 -7 █ █ 52 Suriname 0.736 -0.002 -8 125 Japan 0.647 -0.002 -9 █ █ 53 Honduras 0.735 +0.030 +29 126 Jordan 0.646 +0.007 -4 █ █ 54 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.733 - -1 127 India 0.643 +0.014 +8 █ █ 55 Croatia* 0.730 n/a n/a 128 Tunisia 0.642 -0.001 -8 █ █ 56 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.730 -0.004 -5 129 Türkiye 0.638 -0.001 -5 █ █ 57 Brazil 0.726 +0.030 +37 130 Nigeria 0.637 -0.002 -7 █ █ 58 Panama 0.724 -0.019 -18 131 Saudi Arabia 0.637 +0.001 -4 █ █ 59 Bangladesh 0.722 +0.008 +12 132 Lebanon 0.628 -0.015 -13 █ █ 60 Poland 0.722 +0.012 +17 133 Qatar 0.627 +0.011 +4 █ █ 61 Armenia 0.721 +0.023 +28 134 Egypt 0.626 -0.008 -5 █ █ 62 Kazakhstan 0.721 +0.003 +3 135 Niger 0.622 -0.013 -7 █ █ 63 Slovakia 0.720 +0.003 +4 136 Morocco 0.621 -0.003 - █ █ 64 Botswana 0.719 - +2 137 Guinea 0.617 -0.030 -19 █ █ 65 Bulgaria 0.715 -0.025 -23 138 Benin 0.616 +0.004 - █ █ 66 Ukraine 0.714 +0.007 +15 139 Oman 0.614 +0.006 - █ █ 67 Uruguay 0.714 +0.004 +5 140 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.612 +0.036 +4 █ █ 68 El Salvador 0.714 -0.013 -9 141 Mali 0.605 +0.003 - █ █ 69 Montenegro 0.714 -0.018 -15 142 Pakistan 0.575 +0.011 +3 █ █ 70 Malta 0.713 +0.010 +15 143 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.575 -0.002 - █ █ 71 United Arab Emirates 0.712 -0.004 -3 144 Algeria 0.573 -0.030 -4 █ █ 72 Viet Nam 0.711 +0.006 +11 145 Chad 0.570 -0.008 -3 █ █ 73 North Macedonia 0.711 -0.005 -4 146 Afghanistan 0.405 -0.030 - █ █ Eurasia and East Asia Europe Latin America Middle East North America Southern Sub-Saharan Central Asia and the Pacific and the Caribbean and North Africa Asia Africa Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. “–” indicates score or rank is unchanged from the previous year. “n/a” indicates that the country was not covered in previous editions. * New to index in 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 11

1.3 Performance by subindex This section discusses the global gender gap When looking at the sample of 145 countries scores across the four main components included in both the 2022 and 2023 editions, results (subindexes) of the index: Economic Participation show that this year’s progress is mainly caused and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health by a signi昀椀cant improvement on the Educational and Survival, and Political Empowerment. In doing Attainment gap and more modest increases for the so, it aims to illuminate and explore the factors that Health and Survival and Political Empowerment are driving the overall average global gender gap subindexes. The Economic Participation and score. Opportunity gender parity score has, however, receded since last year. Summarized in Figure 1.2, this year’s results show that across the 146 countries covered by the 2023 The score distributions across each subindex index, the Health and Survival gender gap has offer a more detailed picture of the disparities closed by 96%, Educational Attainment by 95.2%, in country-speci昀椀c gender gaps across the four Economic Participation and Opportunity by 60.1% dimensions. Figure 1.3 marks the distribution of and Political Empowerment by 22.1%. individual country scores attained both overall and by subindex. FIGURE 1.2 The state of gender gaps, by subindex Percentage of the gender gap closed to date, 2023 The Global Gender Gap Index 68.4% Economic Participation and 60.1% Opportunity subindex Educational Attainment subindex 95.2% Health and Survival subindex 96.0% Political Empowerment subindex 22.1% 0 25 50 75 100 Percentage points Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Population-weighted averages, 146 countries. More than two-thirds (69.2%) of countries score and Opportunity has not changed since last year: above the 2023 population-weighted average the difference between the highest scores (89.5%) Gender Gap Index score (68.4%). Similar to 2022, and the country with the lowest scores (18.8%) Afghanistan (40.5%) ranks last, at the lower end of remains extensive (70.8%). the distribution, with a difference of 27.8 percentage points compared to the mean. In fact, Afghanistan Countries that report relatively even access for registers the lowest performance across all men and women when it comes to Economic subindexes, with the exception of the Health and Participation and Opportunity include economies Survival subindex, where it takes the 141st position, as varied as Liberia (89.5%), Jamaica (89.4%), ranking below the bottom 5th percentile. The Moldova (86.3%), Lao PDR (85.1%), Belarus country scoring penultimate in the global ranking (81.9%), Burundi (81.0%) and Norway (80%). At the is Chad (57.0%), which deviates from the average bottom of the distribution, apart from Afghanistan, score by 11.3 percentage points. the countries that attained less than 40% parity include Algeria (31.7%), Iran (34.4%), Pakistan Health and Survival, followed by Educational (36.2%) and India (36.7%). Attainment, continue to display the least amount of variation of scores, whereas the Economic A closer look at performance across the 昀椀ve Participation and Opportunity and Political indicators composing this subindex reveals that Empowerment subindexes continue to show the an important source of gender inequality stems widest dispersion of scores. The range of scores from the overall underrepresentation of women in in this year’s gender gap in Economic Participation the labour market. The global population-weighted Global Gender Gap Report 2023 12

score indicates that, on average, only 64.9% of at the subset of 145 countries included in both the gender gap in labour-force participation has 2022 and 2023, the number of economies with been closed. Comparing the 102-country constant full gender parity in Educational Attainment has sample scores of 63.8% for 2023 and 62.9% increased from 21 to 25. Cross-country scores for 2022, this marks a partial recovery. Chapter on this dimension are less dispersed than for the 2 examines recent dynamics in labour-force Economic Participation or Political Empowerment participation and related labour-market outcomes in subindices, with the majority (80.1%, or 117 out of more detail. 146) of participating countries having closed at least 95% of their educational gender gap. Similar to Though stark income gaps continue to hinder last year, Afghanistan is the only country where the economic gender parity, with almost half (48.1%) educational gender parity score is below the 50% of the overall earned income gap yet to close, mark, at 48.2%. At the bottom of the distribution, results indicate that many countries experienced we also encounter the Sub-Saharan countries improvements since last year. Ninety-six countries of Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (out of the 145 included in 2022 and 2023) Guinea, Angola, Niger and Mali – all with scores progressed in bridging income gaps. The highest- above 60%, but below 80% in educational parity scoring countries on this dimension include Liberia, (between 63.7%-77.9%). followed by Zimbabwe (97.6%), Tanzania (90.3%), Burundi (88.3%), Barbados (88.1%) and Norway Across indicators of the subindex, gender parity is (85.1%), which all stand at above 85% parity. At lowest for literacy rate: globally, 94% of the gender the bottom of the distribution, Iran (17.1%), Algeria gap in the proportion of those over 15 years of (19.2%) and Egypt (19.7%) display some of the age who are literate has closed. Fifty-six countries largest inequalities between the incomes of men have achieved full parity in literacy rate, whereas and women, scoring less than 20% parity. Afghanistan and Sub-Saharan countries such as Mali, Liberia, Chad and Guinea all register parity When it comes to wages for similar work, the only scores below 55%. When it comes to enrolment countries in which the gender gap is perceived in primary education, full parity scores are more as more than 80% closed are Albania (85.8%) widespread: 65 countries register equivalent rates and Burundi (84.1%). Merely a quarter of the 146 of enrolment in primary education for boys and for economies included in this year’s edition score girls. The rest of the countries included this year between 70%-80% on this indicator. These include display at least 90% parity, apart from the Sub- some of the most advanced economies, such as Saharan countries of Mali, Guinea and Chad, which Iceland (78.4% of gap closed), Singapore (78.3%), score within the 80.4%-89.9% range. United Arab Emirates (77.6%), United States (77.3%), Finland (76.3%), Qatar (74.5%), Saudi Cross-national variation is wider for both secondary Arabia (74.1%), Lithuania (74.1%), Slovenia (73.5%), and tertiary enrolment. Whereas most countries Bahrain (72.8%), Estonia (71.4%), Barbados (135) included in this edition closed at least 80% (71.2%), Luxembourg (70.4%), New Zealand of their gender gap in secondary enrolment, a (70.4%), Switzerland (70.3%), and Latvia (70.1%). handful of countries remain below this threshold, The lowest-ranking countries on this dimension with Congo (64% of the gap closed), Chad (58.3%) are Croatia (49.7% of the gap closed) and Lesotho and Afghanistan (57.1) ranking last. Geographical (49.4%). Compared to last year’s performance, disparities are even starker for tertiary education. Bolivia, El Salvador and South Africa registered the While 101 countries display full parity on this largest improvements in score, of 5 percentage indicator, including Cambodia as the most recent to points or more. reach the 1 parity mark this year, 18 more countries stand within the 80.2%-99.5% range, while Cross-country disparities are more pronounced in several countries from Sub-Saharan Africa (such terms of the gender gap in senior, managerial and as Burkina Faso, Mali and Côte d’Ivoire), Southern legislative roles, which globally stands at 42.9%. Asia (Afghanistan), and Eurasia and Central Asia Ten countries assessed this year – six of which (Tajikistan) still have between 21.7% (Côte d’Ivoire) located in Sub-Saharan Africa – report parity on this and 71% (Afghanistan) of their gaps left to close. indicator. Afghanistan, Pakistan and Algeria rank at the bottom, with less than 5% of professionals The Health and Survival subindex displays the in senior positions being women. When it comes highest level of gender parity globally (at 96%) as to professional and technical positions, 71% well as the most clustered distribution of scores. of the gender gap has been closed globally. The majority of countries (91.1%) register at most Whereas women’s representation in managerial 2 percentage points above the average, and only roles relative to men’s has improved by at least 1 a handful of others (13 out of 146) register at most percentage points for 38 countries, gender parity 2.4 percentage points below the average. Twenty- in professional and technical roles has improved for six countries – most from Europe, Latin America only 20 countries by the same measure (at least 1 and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa 1 percentage points). – display the top score of 98% parity, whereas Qatar, Viet Nam and populous countries such as Educational Attainment is the subindex with Azerbaijan, India and China all score below the 95% the second-highest global parity score, with only mark. 4.8% of the gender gap left to close. When looking Global Gender Gap Report 2023 13

Qatar’s lower overall ranking is driven by relatively Rica (52.4%), Sweden (51.2%) and Chile (50.2%). lower parity in terms of healthy life expectancy. The lowest parity scores are found for: Myanmar Though in most countries women tend to outlive (4.7%), Nigeria (4.1%), Iran (3.1%), Lebanon men, in 昀椀ve Middle Eastern and North African (2.1%), Vanuatu (0.6%) and Afghanistan (0%). countries (Morocco, 99.9%; Bahrain, 99.3%; Algeria, 99%; Jordan, 98.7%; Qatar, 95.5%), Iceland and Bangladesh are the only countries one from Sub-Saharan Africa (Mali, 99.3%) and where women have held the highest political two from Southern Asia (Pakistan, 99.9%, and position in a country for a higher number of years Afghanistan, 97.1%), the reverse is true. than men. In 67 other countries, women have never served as head of state in the past 50 years. For Viet Nam, Azerbaijan, India and China, the relatively low overall rankings on the Health and In terms of the share of women in ministerial Survival subindex is explained by skewed sex ratios positions, 11 out of 146 countries, led by Albania, at birth. Compared to top scoring countries that Finland and Spain, have 50% or more ministers register a 94.4% gender parity at birth, the indicator who are women. However, 75 countries have 20% stands at 92.7% for India (albeit an improvement or less female ministers. Further, populous countries over last edition) and below 90% for Viet Nam, such as India, Türkiye and China have less than China and Azerbaijan. 7% ministers who are women and countries like Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon have none. Finally, the Political Empowerment subindex registers once again the largest gender gap, at As regards to parity in the number of seats in only 22.1% of the gap closed and the greatest national parliaments, 昀椀ve countries stand at full spread of scores across countries. Iceland parity: Mexico, Nicaragua, Rwanda, the United stands out as best performer, with a 90.1% parity Arab Emirates and (as of this year’s edition) New score, which is 13.6 percentage points greater Zealand. The countries with the least representation than the country ranking second (Norway) and of women in parliament (less than 5%) are Maldives 69 percentage points above the median global (4.8% of the gender gap closed), Qatar (4.6%), score (21.1%). In addition to the 昀椀rst two ranked, Nigeria (3.7%), Oman (2.4%) and Vanuatu (1.9%). only 10 other countries out of the 146 included Though still below the 40% parity threshold, Benin this year score above the 50% parity score: and Malta saw the largest improvements for this New Zealand (72.5%), Finland (70%), Germany indicator, experiencing a rise of 26.6 and 23.2 (63.4%), Nicaragua (62.6%), Bangladesh (55.2%), percentage points, respectively. Mozambique (54.2%), Rwanda (54.1%), Costa Global Gender Gap Report 2023 14

FIGURE 1.3 Range of scores, Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes, 2023 India Rwanda Global Gender Gap index 0.684 Saudi Arabia United States Iceland India Italy Germany Norway Lao, PDR Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex 0.601 Pakistan Mexico Indonesia United States Netherlands Educational Attainment subindex 0.952 Chad Nigeria Peru India Health and Survival subindex 0.960 China Viet Nam Japan United States Costa Rica Kenya Political Empowerment subindex 0.221 United Arab Emirates France Sweden Iceland 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Score (0-1 scale) Population-weighted average Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Blue diamonds correspond to population-weighted averages. 1.4 Progress over time By calculating how much the gap has, on average, The Economic Participation and Opportunity reduced each year since the report’s 昀椀rst edition in subindex now stands at 59.8% based on the 102 2006, using a constant sample of 102 countries, countries in the constant sample (non-constant it is possible to project how many years it will take score 60.1%). This subindex is the only one that to close each of the gender gaps for each of the receded compared to 2022. There is a drop of 0.2 dimensions tracked. The 17-year trajectory of global percentage points since 2022, but an improvement gender gaps is charted accordingly in Figure 1.4. of 4.1 percentage points since 2006. The ebbing of the upward trend seen in last year’s edition can This year’s results leave the total progress made be partially attributed to the drop in the subindex towards gender parity at an overall 4.1 percentage- scores for 66 economies including highly populated point gain since 2006. Hence, on average, over economies such as China, Indonesia, Nigeria, etc. the past 17 years, the gap has been reduced by As a result, it will take another 169 years to close only 0.24 percentage points per year. If progress the economic gender gap. towards gender parity proceeds at the same average speed observed between the 2006 and The Educational Attainment subindex displays the 2023 editions, the overall global gender gap is highest gender parity score (96.1%) on the basis of projected to close in 131 years, compared to a 102 countries in the constant sample (non-constant projection of 132 years in 2022. This suggests that score 95.2%). The 0.8 percentage-point increase the year in which the gender gap is expected to since last year places it from second to top-ranked close remains 2154, as progress is moving at the across all subindices. While the development has same rate as last year. not been unfaltering over time – accelerating then plateauing at various points in time and dropping Global Gender Gap Report 2023 15

FIGURE 1.4 Evolution of the Global Gender Gap Index and subindexes over time Evolution in scores, 2006-2023 1 Years to close the gap 16 Educational Attainment n.a. Health and Survival 0.9 0.8 0.7 131 Global Genger Gap Index 0.6 169 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.5 e (0-1, parity) Scor 0.4 0.3 162 Political Empowerment 0.2 0.1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019* 2020 2021 2022 2023 Edition Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Population-weighted averages for the the 102 economies featured in all editions of the index, from 2006–2023. The fourteenth edition of the Global Gender Gap Index, titled The Global Gender Gap Report 2020, was released in December 2019. There is no corresponding edition for 2019. in 2017-2018 and 2022 – the time-series analysis Based on the constant sample of 102 countries shows a de昀椀nitive upward trend overall. Its included in each edition from 2006 to 2023, the improved performance as well as a steady pace of global Political Empowerment gender gap this progress on average over the 2006-2023 period year is 22.5% (non-constant score 22.1%), which is leads to an estimation of 16 years to close the gap. a slight improvement of 0.1 percentage points over 2022. A slower pace of improvement, however, The Health and Survival gender parity score means that it will now take another 162 years stands at 95.9% based on the constant sample to completely close this gap, a signi昀椀cant step of 102 countries (non-constant score 96%). It is backwards compared to the 2022 edition. Yet, the a modest improvement compared to last year 2023 score is the highest absolute increase of all (+0.2 percentage points) and an actual drop of 0.3 four subindexes since 2006: 8.2 percentage points percentage points compared to 2006. Despite this compared to 4.4 percentage points for Educational slight long-term drop, the index has consistently Attainment, which is the subindex with the second- stayed above the 95% mark since the inception of greatest improvement. the index in 2006. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 16

TABLE 1.2 The Global Gender Gap Index 2023, results by subindex Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) 1 Liberia 0.895 74 Austria 0.692 1 Argentina 1.000 74 Vanuatu 0.991 2 Jamaica 0.894 75 Israel 0.688 1 Belgium 1.000 75 Belarus 0.991 3 Moldova, Republic of 0.863 76 Paraguay 0.685 1 Botswana 1.000 76 Portugal 0.991 4 Barbados 0.860 77 Netherlands 0.684 1 Canada 1.000 77 Zimbabwe 0.991 5 Lao PDR 0.851 78 Sierra Leone 0.684 1 Colombia 1.000 78 Australia 0.991 6 Eswatini 0.838 79 Peru 0.683 1 Czech Republic 1.000 79 Iceland 0.991 7 Belarus 0.819 80 Ghana 0.682 1 Dominican Republic 1.000 80 Cyprus 0.990 8 Burundi 0.810 81 South Africa 0.676 1 Estonia 1.000 81 Greece 0.990 9 Botswana 0.807 82 Greece 0.676 1 Finland 1.000 82 Germany 0.989 10 Zimbabwe 0.801 83 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 0.676 1 France 1.000 83 Lithuania 0.989 11 Norway 0.800 84 Costa Rica 0.676 1 Honduras 1.000 84 Norway 0.989 12 Madagascar 0.800 85 Panama 0.674 1 Ireland 1.000 85 Sri Lanka 0.988 13 Togo 0.796 86 Brazil 0.670 1 Israel 1.000 86 United Arab Emirates 0.988 14 Iceland 0.796 87 Indonesia 0.666 1 Latvia 1.000 87 Saudi Arabia 0.986 15 Sweden 0.795 88 Germany 0.665 1 Lesotho 1.000 88 Eswatini 0.985 16 Kenya 0.791 89 Malaysia 0.664 1 Malaysia 1.000 89 Viet Nam 0.985 17 Philippines 0.789 90 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.658 1 Malta 1.000 90 Lebanon 0.984 18 Albania 0.786 91 Comoros 0.657 1 Namibia 1.000 91 Maldives 0.984 19 Namibia 0.784 92 Colombia 0.657 1 Netherlands 1.000 92 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.984 20 Finland 0.783 93 Cyprus 0.652 1 New Zealand 1.000 93 Qatar 0.982 21 United States of America 0.780 94 Lesotho 0.648 1 Nicaragua 1.000 94 Guatemala 0.982 22 Latvia 0.775 95 Argentina 0.644 1 Slovakia 1.000 95 Cabo Verde 0.981 23 Singapore 0.774 96 Chile 0.642 1 Slovenia 1.000 96 Cambodia 0.981 24 Thailand 0.772 97 Malta 0.641 1 Sweden 1.000 97 Timor-Leste 0.980 25 Estonia 0.771 98 Nicaragua 0.640 1 Uruguay 1.000 98 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.980 26 Lithuania 0.767 99 Croatia* 0.639 26 India 1.000 99 Türkiye 0.980 27 Azerbaijan 0.766 100 Mauritius 0.637 27 Kazakhstan 1.000 100 Madagascar 0.979 28 Kazakhstan 0.765 101 Czech Republic 0.636 28 Georgia 1.000 101 Zambia 0.979 29 Brunei Darussalam 0.760 102 Uganda 0.623 29 Kyrgyzstan 1.000 102 Switzerland 0.978 30 Slovenia 0.760 103 El Salvador 0.619 30 Luxembourg 1.000 103 Myanmar 0.977 31 Viet Nam 0.749 104 Italy 0.618 31 Costa Rica 0.999 104 Korea, Republic of 0.977 32 Cabo Verde 0.747 105 Tajikistan 0.618 32 Philippines 0.999 105 Ghana 0.974 33 Mongolia 0.745 106 Gambia 0.609 33 Albania 0.999 106 Indonesia 0.972 34 Portugal 0.745 107 Angola 0.605 34 United Kingdom 0.999 107 Lao PDR 0.964 35 Vanuatu 0.742 108 North Macedonia 0.605 35 Armenia 0.999 108 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.964 36 Canada 0.740 109 Malawi 0.602 36 Romania 0.999 109 Bhutan 0.963 37 Suriname 0.740 110 Mexico 0.601 37 Serbia 0.999 110 Rwanda 0.963 38 Australia 0.740 111 Côte d'Ivoire 0.601 38 Croatia* 0.998 111 Peru 0.960 39 Bulgaria 0.738 112 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.601 39 Spain 0.998 112 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.960 40 Zambia 0.734 113 Myanmar 0.600 40 Denmark 0.998 113 Oman 0.957 41 Ireland 0.732 114 Korea, Republic of 0.597 41 Montenegro 0.998 114 Gambia 0.954 42 New Zealand 0.732 115 Fiji 0.588 42 Ecuador 0.998 115 Morocco 0.953 43 United Kingdom 0.731 116 Ethiopia 0.587 43 South Africa 0.998 116 Algeria 0.951 44 Belgium 0.728 117 Guatemala 0.580 44 Brunei Darussalam 0.997 117 Tunisia 0.950 45 China 0.727 118 Kuwait 0.579 45 Paraguay 0.997 118 Comoros 0.949 46 Denmark 0.727 119 Guinea 0.576 46 Fiji 0.997 119 Egypt 0.943 47 Uruguay 0.726 120 Timor-Leste 0.574 47 Japan 0.997 120 Burundi 0.942 48 Spain 0.722 121 Niger 0.570 48 North Macedonia 0.997 121 Tajikistan 0.942 49 Belize 0.720 122 Bahrain 0.564 49 Panama 0.997 122 Bangladesh 0.936 50 Slovakia 0.718 123 Japan 0.561 50 Poland 0.997 123 China 0.935 51 France 0.717 124 Sri Lanka 0.555 51 Kuwait 0.997 124 Sierra Leone 0.932 52 Armenia 0.716 125 Jordan 0.542 52 Belize 0.996 125 Senegal 0.926 53 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.715 126 Chad 0.538 53 Moldova, Republic of 0.996 126 Uganda 0.924 54 Nigeria 0.715 127 Lebanon 0.538 54 Azerbaijan 0.996 127 Nepal 0.918 55 Ukraine 0.714 128 United Arab Emirates 0.536 55 Austria 0.996 128 Côte d'Ivoire 0.902 56 Montenegro 0.710 129 Benin 0.530 56 Ukraine 0.996 129 Malawi 0.897 57 Luxembourg 0.710 130 Saudi Arabia 0.521 57 Bahrain 0.995 130 Mozambique 0.896 58 Cambodia 0.710 131 Maldives 0.512 58 Hungary 0.995 131 Liberia 0.896 59 Bhutan 0.708 132 Qatar 0.508 59 United States of America 0.995 132 Cameroon 0.895 60 Burkina Faso 0.708 133 Türkiye 0.500 60 Italy 0.995 133 Burkina Faso 0.893 61 Ecuador 0.705 134 Mali 0.489 61 Thailand 0.995 134 Kenya 0.858 62 Hungary 0.701 135 Oman 0.488 62 Mexico 0.994 135 Ethiopia 0.854 63 Switzerland 0.700 136 Nepal 0.476 63 Bulgaria 0.994 136 Togo 0.837 64 Poland 0.699 137 Senegal 0.475 64 Chile 0.994 137 Nigeria 0.826 65 Dominican Republic 0.699 138 Tunisia 0.451 65 Barbados 0.994 138 Pakistan 0.825 66 Honduras 0.699 139 Bangladesh 0.438 66 Jordan 0.994 139 Benin 0.802 67 Rwanda 0.699 140 Egypt 0.420 67 Mongolia 0.994 140 Mali 0.779 68 Georgia 0.697 141 Morocco 0.404 68 Jamaica 0.993 141 Niger 0.769 69 Serbia 0.697 142 India 0.367 69 El Salvador 0.993 142 Angola 0.738 70 Cameroon 0.694 143 Pakistan 0.362 70 Suriname 0.993 143 Guinea 0.710 71 Kyrgyzstan 0.694 144 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.344 71 Mauritius 0.993 144 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 0.683 72 Romania 0.693 145 Algeria 0.317 72 Singapore 0.993 145 Chad 0.637 73 Mozambique 0.692 146 Afghanistan 0.188 73 Brazil 0.992 146 Afghanistan 0.482 Eurasia and East Asia Europe Latin America Middle East North America Southern Sub-Saharan Central Asia and the Pacific and the Caribbean and North Africa Asia Africa Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. * New to index in 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 17

TABLE 1.2 The Global Gender Gap Index 2023, results by subindex Health and Survival Political Empowerment Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) Rank Country Score (0–1) 1 Belarus 0.980 74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.970 1 Iceland 0.901 74 Cameroon 0.210 1 Belize 0.980 75 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.970 2 Norway 0.765 75 Kenya 0.209 1 Botswana 0.980 76 France 0.970 3 New Zealand 0.725 76 Madagascar 0.201 1 Brazil 0.980 77 Austria 0.970 4 Finland 0.700 77 Tunisia 0.197 1 Cabo Verde 0.980 78 United States of America 0.970 5 Germany 0.634 78 Mali 0.192 1 Dominican Republic 0.980 79 Serbia 0.969 6 Nicaragua 0.626 79 Niger 0.185 1 El Salvador 0.980 80 Malaysia 0.969 7 Bangladesh 0.552 80 Slovakia 0.183 1 Eswatini 0.980 81 Tunisia 0.969 8 Mozambique 0.542 81 Indonesia 0.181 1 Guatemala 0.980 82 Nepal 0.969 9 Rwanda 0.541 82 Montenegro 0.180 1 Hungary 0.980 83 Gambia 0.968 10 Costa Rica 0.524 83 Lesotho 0.179 1 Kyrgyzstan 0.980 84 Comoros 0.968 11 Sweden 0.503 84 Eswatini 0.178 1 Lesotho 0.980 85 Ecuador 0.968 12 Chile 0.502 85 Egypt 0.175 1 Lithuania 0.980 86 Philippines 0.968 13 South Africa 0.497 86 Togo 0.173 1 Malawi 0.980 87 Kuwait 0.968 14 Switzerland 0.491 87 Ukraine 0.172 1 Mauritius 0.980 88 Montenegro 0.968 15 Mexico 0.490 88 Korea, Republic of 0.169 1 Mongolia 0.980 89 Australia 0.968 16 Belgium 0.486 89 Viet Nam 0.166 1 Mozambique 0.980 90 Egypt 0.968 17 Ireland 0.482 90 Morocco 0.165 1 Namibia 0.980 91 Belgium 0.968 18 Spain 0.475 91 Georgia 0.163 1 Poland 0.980 92 Barbados 0.968 19 United Kingdom 0.472 92 Benin 0.159 1 Romania 0.980 93 Canada 0.968 20 Lithuania 0.466 93 Tajikistan 0.156 1 Slovakia 0.980 94 Jamaica 0.967 21 Netherlands 0.460 94 Uruguay 0.152 1 Sri Lanka 0.980 95 Italy 0.967 22 Peru 0.450 95 Pakistan 0.152 1 Uganda 0.980 96 Greece 0.967 23 Namibia 0.443 96 Israel 0.150 1 Uruguay 0.980 97 Senegal 0.967 24 Denmark 0.432 97 Mauritius 0.148 1 Zambia 0.980 98 Spain 0.967 25 Ethiopia 0.431 98 Bulgaria 0.148 1 Zimbabwe 0.980 99 Nigeria 0.967 26 Argentina 0.429 99 Bahrain 0.146 27 Burundi 0.979 100 Türkiye 0.966 27 Latvia 0.424 100 Kazakhstan 0.146 28 Bulgaria 0.979 101 New Zealand 0.966 28 Albania 0.419 101 Lao PDR 0.140 29 South Africa 0.979 102 Guinea 0.966 29 Australia 0.412 102 Greece 0.140 30 Togo 0.979 103 Madagascar 0.966 30 Philippines 0.409 103 Maldives 0.139 31 Suriname 0.979 104 Sierra Leone 0.966 31 Estonia 0.377 104 Dominican Republic 0.138 32 Estonia 0.979 105 United Kingdom 0.965 32 Serbia 0.376 105 Chad 0.137 33 Côte d'Ivoire 0.978 106 Timor-Leste 0.965 33 Canada 0.374 106 Sri Lanka 0.130 34 Nicaragua 0.978 107 Fiji 0.965 34 Colombia 0.373 107 Kyrgyzstan 0.128 35 Croatia* 0.978 108 Luxembourg 0.965 35 United Arab Emirates 0.363 108 Czech Republic 0.128 36 Ghana 0.978 109 Israel 0.964 36 Slovenia 0.358 109 Burkina Faso 0.125 37 Czech Republic 0.978 110 Honduras 0.964 37 Senegal 0.353 110 Paraguay 0.125 38 Cambodia 0.978 111 Ireland 0.964 38 Portugal 0.352 111 Ghana 0.119 39 Burkina Faso 0.978 112 Denmark 0.964 39 France 0.338 112 Côte d'Ivoire 0.118 40 Moldova, Republic of 0.977 113 Niger 0.964 40 Cabo Verde 0.334 113 Romania 0.117 41 Argentina 0.977 114 Saudi Arabia 0.964 41 Burundi 0.320 114 China 0.114 42 Thailand 0.977 115 Switzerland 0.964 42 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.317 115 Cambodia 0.112 43 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 0.976 116 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.964 43 Luxembourg 0.315 116 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 0.111 44 Angola 0.976 117 Peru 0.964 44 Moldova, Republic of 0.314 117 Cyprus 0.109 45 Ukraine 0.976 118 Sweden 0.963 45 Tanzania, United Republic of 0.309 118 Türkiye 0.106 46 Korea, Republic of 0.976 119 United Arab Emirates 0.963 46 Angola 0.305 119 Zambia 0.102 47 Kazakhstan 0.975 120 Cyprus 0.963 47 Croatia 0.305 120 Thailand 0.101 47 Myanmar 0.975 121 Maldives 0.962 48 Austria 0.303 121 Mongolia 0.099 49 Mexico 0.975 122 Bhutan 0.962 49 Uganda 0.297 122 Malaysia 0.098 50 Lao PDR 0.975 123 Liberia 0.962 50 Liberia 0.287 123 Guatemala 0.094 51 Colombia 0.975 124 Netherlands 0.962 51 North Macedonia 0.283 124 Jordan 0.093 52 Latvia 0.975 125 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.962 52 Honduras 0.278 125 Bhutan 0.093 53 Kenya 0.975 126 Bangladesh 0.962 53 Ecuador 0.278 126 Belize 0.090 54 Paraguay 0.975 127 Norway 0.961 54 Nepal 0.276 127 Botswana 0.088 55 Rwanda 0.974 128 Iceland 0.961 55 El Salvador 0.265 128 Sierra Leone 0.087 56 Georgia 0.974 129 Oman 0.961 56 Brazil 0.263 129 Comoros 0.083 57 Cameroon 0.973 130 Morocco 0.961 57 Jamaica 0.263 130 Hungary 0.079 58 Panama 0.973 131 Malta 0.961 58 Barbados 0.256 131 Saudi Arabia 0.077 59 Japan 0.973 132 Pakistan 0.961 59 India 0.253 132 Gambia 0.073 60 Costa Rica 0.973 133 Albania 0.960 60 Timor-Leste 0.253 133 Qatar 0.071 61 Benin 0.973 134 North Macedonia 0.960 61 Panama 0.252 134 Azerbaijan 0.071 62 Portugal 0.973 135 Mali 0.959 62 Malta 0.251 135 Algeria 0.065 63 Slovenia 0.972 136 Bahrain 0.959 63 United States of America 0.248 136 Brunei Darussalam 0.061 64 Germany 0.972 137 Algeria 0.958 64 Italy 0.241 137 Kuwait 0.059 65 Vanuatu 0.971 138 Jordan 0.957 65 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.240 138 Japan 0.057 66 Singapore 0.971 139 Armenia 0.955 66 Suriname 0.232 139 Fiji 0.052 67 Ethiopia 0.971 140 Brunei Darussalam 0.953 67 Malawi 0.224 140 Oman 0.051 68 Lebanon 0.971 141 Afghanistan 0.952 68 Singapore 0.220 141 Myanmar 0.047 69 Chile 0.970 142 India 0.950 69 Belarus 0.217 142 Nigeria 0.041 70 Tajikistan 0.970 143 Qatar 0.947 70 Guinea 0.217 143 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.031 71 Finland 0.970 144 Viet Nam 0.946 71 Armenia 0.215 144 Lebanon 0.021 72 Chad 0.970 145 China 0.937 72 Zimbabwe 0.214 145 Vanuatu 0.006 73 Indonesia 0.970 146 Azerbaijan 0.936 73 Poland 0.211 146 Afghanistan 0.000 Eurasia and East Asia Europe Latin America Middle East North America Southern Sub-Saharan Central Asia and the Pacific and the Caribbean and North Africa Asia Africa Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. * New to index in 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 18

1.5 Performance by region The Global Gender Gap Report 2023 categorizes decline. North America (-1.9 percentage points) and countries into eight regions: Eurasia and Central the Middle East and North Africa (-0.09 percentage Asia, East Asia and the Paci昀椀c, Europe, Latin points) suffer more signi昀椀cant setbacks in overall America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North gender parity. Africa, North America, Southern Asia, and Sub- Saharan Africa. Countries in each regional group The longer-term trends offer further insights into are listed in Appendix A. progress in the regional gender parity pro昀椀les. In comparison to the inaugural edition in 2006, Gender parity in Europe (76.3%) surpasses the the Latin America and the Caribbean region parity level in North America (75%) this year to rank has improved the most, with an increase of 8.4 昀椀rst among regions. Closely behind Europe and percentage points over the past 17 years. Europe North America is Latin America and the Caribbean, (+6.1 percentage points) and Sub-Saharan Africa with 74.3% parity. Trailing more than 5 percentage (+5.2 percentage points) are the other two regions points behind Latin America and the Caribbean are that have improved by more than 5 percentage Eurasia and Central Asia (69%) as well as East Asia points. North America (+4.5 percentage points), and the Paci昀椀c (68.8%). Sub-Saharan Africa ranks the Middle East and North Africa (+4.2 percentage 6th (68.2%), slightly below the global weighted points) and Southern Asia (+4.1 percentage points) average score (68.3%). Southern Asia (63.4%) have improved by more than 4 percentage points, overtakes the Middle East and North Africa (62.6%), though parity scores in all three regions have which is, in 2023, the region furthest away from backslid in recent editions. Eurasia and Central parity. Asia (+ 3.2 percentage points) and East Asia and the Paci昀椀c (+ 2.8 percentage points) have seen the Using the 102-country constant sample to slowest to progress since 2006. assess trends over time suggests that Southern Asia as well as Latin America and the Caribbean A more nuanced picture emerges from the experienced an improvement of 1.1 percentage heat map in Figure 1.6, which disaggregates points and 1.7 percentage points, respectively, regional scores by subindex and represents since the last edition. Sub-Saharan Africa improves higher levels of parity using a darker colour. Most marginally (+0.1 percentage points) while Eurasia regions have achieved relatively higher parity in and Central Asia (-0.01 percentage points), East Educational Attainment and Health and Survival. Asia and the Paci昀椀c (-0.02 percentage points), and The advancement in Economic Participation Europe (-0.02 percentage points) show a slight and Opportunity is more uneven, with Southern FIGURE 1.5 Gender gap closed to date, by region Europe 76.3% North America 75.0% Latin America and 74.3% the Caribbean Eurasia and 69.0% Central Asia East Asia and 68.8% the Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa 68.2% Southern Asia 63.4% Middle East and 62.6% North Africa 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage points Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Population-weighted averages for the 146 economies featured in the Global Gender Gap Index 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 19

FIGURE 1.6 Regional performance 2023, by subindex Subindexes Overall Index Economic Participation Educational Health Political and Opportunity Attainment and Survival Empowerment Eurasia and Central Asia 69.0% 68.8% 98.9% 97.4% 10.9% East Asia and the Pacific 68.8% 71.0% 95.5% 94.9% 14.0% Europe 76.3% 69.7% 99.6% 97.0% 39.1% Latin America and the Caribbean 74.3% 65.2% 99.2% 97.6% 35.0% Middle East and North Africa 62.6% 44.0% 95.9% 96.4% 14.0% North America 75.0% 77.6% 99.5% 96.9% 26.1% Southern Asia 63.4% 37.2% 96.0% 95.3% 25.1% Sub-Saharan Africa 68.2% 67.2% 86.0% 97.2% 22.6% Global average 68.4% 60.1% 95.2% 96.0% 22.1% Parity 0% 50% 100% Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Population-weighted averages for the 146 economies featured in the Global Gender Gap Index 2023. The percentages are indicative of the gender gap that has been closed. FIGURE 1.7 Regional gender gaps Evolution in scores, 2006–2023 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 e (0-1, parity)0.6 Scor 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019* 2020 2021 2022 2023 Edition Eurasia and Central Asia East Asia and the Pacific Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America Southern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. Population-weighted averages for the 102 economies featured in all editions of the Global Gender Gap Index, from 2006–2023. The fourteenth edition of the Global Gender Gap Index, titled The Global Gender Gap Report 2020, was released in December 2019. There is no corresponding edition for 2019. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 20

Asia closing 37.2% of the gender gap and North and Tajikistan have made at least a 1 percentage- America closing more than double. Regions point improvement. While more than one-昀椀fth of continue to have the most signi昀椀cant gaps in the ministers in Moldova and Ukraine are women, Political Empowerment subindex, with only Latin Azerbaijan continues to be one of the handful America and the Caribbean as well as Europe countries with a male-only cabinet. Further, 昀椀ve of recording more than 35% parity. the 10 countries in the region have more than 25% women parliamentarians. With female presidents in Georgia and Moldova, there has been some Eurasia and Central Asia improvement in female head-of-state representation in the last 50 years. At 69% parity, Eurasia and Central Asia ranks 4th out of the eight regions on the overall Gender East Asia and the Paci昀椀c Gap Index. Based on the aggregated scores of the constant sample of countries included since 2006, the parity score since the 2020 edition East Asia and Paci昀椀c is at 68.8% parity, marking the has stagnated, although there has been an 昀椀fth-highest score out of the eight regions. Progress improvement of 3.2 percentage points since 2006. towards parity has been stagnating for over a Moldova, Belarus and Armenia are the highest- decade and the region registers a 0.2 percentage- ranking countries in the region, while Azerbaijan, point decline since the last edition. While 11 out of Tajikistan and Türkiye rank the lowest. The 19 countries improve, one stays the same and eight difference in parity between the highest- and the (including China, the world’s second-most populous lowest-ranked country is 14.9 percentage points. At country) recede on the overall index. New Zealand, the current rate of progress, it will take 167 years for the Philippines and Australia have the highest parity the Eurasia and Central Asia region to reach gender at the regional level, with Australia and New Zealand parity. also being the two most-improved economies in the region. On the other hand, Fiji, Myanmar and Japan Regional gender parity on Economic Participation are at the bottom of the list, with Fiji, Myanmar and and Opportunity has been steadily increasing. Timor-Leste registering the highest declines. At the Overall, 68.8% of the gender gap has closed, current rate of progress, it will take 189 years for the which is a 0.5 percentage-point improvement since region to reach gender parity. the last edition. Six out of 10 countries, led by Moldova, Belarus and Azerbaijan, have at least 70% Compared to the last edition, six out of 19 countries parity on this subindex. All countries in the region improved on the Economic Participation and except Kyrgyzstan have made varying degrees of Opportunity subindex, depleting the regional parity progress since the 2022 edition, with Moldova and score by 1.1% to 71.1%. Nine out of 17 countries Armenia making the most progress. Furthermore, that have the data have shown drops in the share of all countries in the region have advanced towards women in senior of昀椀cial positions. However, 13 out parity in estimated earned income. Türkiye and of 19 countries improved parity in estimated earned Tajikistan demonstrate the least parity on Economic income since the last edition. Overall, Lao PDR, the Participation and Opportunity, with Türkiye being Philippines and Singapore register the highest parity the only country that has closed less than 60% of for the subindex and Fiji, Timor-Leste and Japan the gap on this subindex. register the lowest. Eight out of 10 countries have more than 99% At 95.5%, East Asia and the Paci昀椀c has the parity on the Educational Attainment subindex, second-lowest score on the Educational Attainment resulting in 98.9% parity for the region. Türkiye and subindex compared to other regions. Malaysia and Ukraine, the region’s two most populous countries, New Zealand are at full parity, along with nine other have a persistent disparity in secondary enrolment. countries in the region, with more than 99% scores. Barring Türkiye and Tajikistan, all countries have China, Lao PDR and Indonesia, with more than 1.7 attained parity in enrolment in tertiary education. billion people, have the lowest parity. Cambodia and Thailand are the only countries in this region At 97.4% parity, Eurasia and Central Asia has with more than 1 percentage-point increase in parity only three out of 10 countries that have less than over 2022. Thailand improves parity in enrolment in 97% parity for the Health and Survival subindex. secondary education while Cambodia improves on Azerbaijan and Armenia, home to more than 13 literacy rate and enrolment in primary and tertiary million people combined, have some of the lowest education. sex ratios at birth in the world. Finally, seven out of the 10 countries have reached parity in healthy life On the Health and Survival subindex, Singapore expectancy. attains gender parity in sex ratio at birth, joining seven other countries across the world with the Compared to other regions, Eurasia and Central same achievement. However, 11 out of 19 countries Asia has the lowest gender parity in Political saw declining parity in sex ratio. This contributes Empowerment and suffers a 1 percentage-point to the region’s slight depletion of parity on this setback since 2022. Its score of 10.9% is barely half subindex, by 0.02% to 94.9%. the global score of 22.1%. Only Armenia, Ukraine Global Gender Gap Report 2023 21

Parity in Political Empowerment sees a partial driven by the reduction in gender parity in healthy recovery of 0.7 percentage points to 14.1% since life expectancy by at least 1 percentage point in 23 the last edition. However, this is still below the 2018 out of 36 countries. On sex ratio at birth, 20 out of edition score of 17.1%. Seven countries – including 36 countries are at full parity and the other countries the populous countries such as China, Japan are close to parity. and Indonesia – have regressed on this subindex since 2017. Compared to the previous edition, 13 Gender parity in Political Empowerment had been countries have improved, led by Australia, New consistently increasing in the last decade until Zealand and Philippines. Australia and New Zealand last year; currently, it stands at 39.1%. Based on had a considerable increase in the share of women the constant sample of countries, there has been ministers. Fiji, Myanmar and Korea have regressed a decline of 0.5 percentage points since the last the most among the six other countries where edition. Overall, Iceland, Norway and Finland have progress on Political Empowerment has reversed. the highest score on the Political Empowerment subindex, while Romania, Cyprus and Hungary are at the bottom of the table. Led by Estonia, Slovenia Europe and Latvia, 15 out of 35 countries have had at least a 1 percentage-point improvement while 13 countries have seen at least 1 percentage-point Across all subindexes, Europe has the highest decline. gender parity of all regions at 76.3%, with one-third of countries in the region ranking in the top 20 and 20 out of 36 countries with at least 75% parity. Latin America and the Caribbean Iceland, Norway and Finland are the best-performing countries, both in the region and in the world, while Hungary, Czech Republic and Cyprus rank at the With incremental progress towards gender parity bottom of the region. Overall, there is a decline of since 2017, Latin America and the Caribbean has 0.2 percentage points in the regional score based bridged 74.3% of its overall gender gap. After on the constant sample of countries. Out of the 35 Europe and North America, the region has the third- countries covered in the previous and the current highest level of parity. Since the last edition, seven edition, 10 countries, led by Estonia, Norway and out of 21 countries (including relatively populous Slovenia, have made at least a 1 percentage-point countries like Colombia, Chile, Honduras and Brazil) improvement since the last edition. Ten countries have improved their gender parity scores by at show a decline of at least 1 percentage point, with least 0.5 percentage points, while 昀椀ve countries Austria, France and Bulgaria receding the most. At have seen a decline in their parity scores by at the current rate of progress, Europe is projected to least 0.5 percentage points. This has led to a 1.7 attain gender parity in 67 years. percentage-point increase in overall gender parity since last year. Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Jamaica At 69.7% parity in Economic Participation and register the highest parity scores in this region and Opportunity, Europe stands third behind North Belize, Paraguay and Guatemala the lowest. At America and East Asia and Paci昀椀c on this the current rate of progress, Latin America and the dimension. Gender parity has receded by 0.5 Caribbean will take 53 years to attain full gender percentage points compared to last year based parity. on the constant sample of 102 countries. Norway, Iceland and Sweden have the highest parity on Parity in Economic Participation and Opportunity in Economic Participation and Opportunity, while Italy, Latin America and the Caribbean is at 65.2%, the North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina third-lowest regional score, ahead of the Middle have the lowest. In comparison to the last edition, East and North Africa as well as Southern Asia. 13 countries (including populous France and Yet it marks an 0.7 percentage-point improvement Germany) have declined by at least 1% and eight since the last edition, with all countries except four countries have improved by at least 1 percentage improving their scores. Jamaica, Honduras and the point. The shares of senior of昀椀cer positions held Dominican Republic have seen the most progress by women have reduced in 17 out of 35 countries on this subindex since the last edition. These three that have data. Only 10 countries have at least countries, along with 14 others have improved their 60% parity in senior of昀椀cer positions, yet 28 out of parity scores in estimated earned income since 36 countries have full parity in women’s share of 2022. Further, eight countries have a 1 percentage- technical roles. point higher share of senior positions held by women compared with the last edition. On Educational Attainment, the region is almost at parity and all countries score more than 97%. There Latin America and the Caribbean has achieved is full parity in enrolment in tertiary education, while 99.2% parity on the Educational Attainment 20 out of 35 countries reach parity in secondary subindex: 14 out of 20 countries have more than education and 21 countries in primary education. 99% parity on their literacy rates. In addition, all of the 18 countries that have data on enrolment On Health and Survival, 97% parity is achieved. The in tertiary education have attained full parity on trend, however, is negative. There has been a 0.6 this indicator. Further, the number of countries percentage-point decline since the 2015 edition, with parity in enrolment in secondary education is Global Gender Gap Report 2023 22

16, while nine countries have attained full parity in they also have the lowest parity in literacy rate. Only enrolment in primary education. four countries (Israel, Bahrain, Qatar and Jordan) have more than 99% parity in literacy rate. Seven In comparison to other regions, Latin America and countries achieve parity in secondary education and the Caribbean has the highest parity on the Health 10 countries in tertiary education. and Survival subindex, at 97.6%. All countries have attained parity in sex ratio at birth and six out The region records 96.4% parity in Health and of 21 countries have perfect parity in healthy life Survival, and all countries except Qatar have expectancy. achieved more than 95% parity, while all countries have attained perfect parity in sex ratio at birth. At 35% parity, the region has the second-highest However, in 昀椀ve countries healthy life expectancy for score, after Europe, on the Political Empowerment women is lower than that of men. subindex. Based on the constant sample of countries there has been a 0.6 percentage-point The Middle East and North Africa also has improvement in parity since 2022. Overall, nine the second-lowest regional parity in political out of 21 countries have experienced at least a empowerment at 14%. Based on the sample 0.5 percentage-point improvement and nine have of countries covered continuously since 2006, seen a decline of more than 0.5%. Colombia, Chile parity on the Political Empowerment subindex has and Brazil are not only the region’s top-ranked regressed by 1 percentage point since last year. countries; they are also the most improved. Five Parity has declined in seven out of 13 countries, out of 21 countries in this region have seen at least including the region’s most populous countries – a 1 percentage-point improvement in the share of Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia – and increased in six parliamentary positions held by women. other countries, led by Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait. Bahrain, Kuwait and Lebanon have also seen signi昀椀cant increases in the share of parliamentary Middle East and North Africa positions held by women, while Israel and Tunisia have seen a drop on this indicator since 2022. In terms of ministerial positions held by women, only In comparison to other regions, Middle East and Tunisia, Bahrain and Morocco have more than 20% North Africa remains the furthest away from parity, female ministers, while Saudi Arabia and Lebanon with a 62.6% parity score. This is a 0.9 percentage- continue to have an all-male cabinet. Apart from point decline in parity since the last edition for this Tunisia and Israel, no country in this region has had region, based on the constant sample of countries a female head of state in the last 50 years. covered since 2006. The United Arab Emirates, Israel and Bahrain have achieved the highest parity in the region, while Morocco, Oman and Algeria North America rank the lowest. The three most populous countries – Egypt, Algeria and Morocco – register declines in their parity scores since the last edition. On the Just behind Europe, North America ranks second, other hand, 昀椀ve countries, led by Bahrain, Kuwait having closed 75% of the gap, which is 1.9 and Qatar, have increased their parity by 0.5% or percentage points lower than the previous edition. more. At the current rate of progress, full regional While Canada has registered a 0.2 percentage- parity will be attained in 152 years. point decline in the overall parity score since the last edition, the United States has seen a reduction When it comes to Economic Participation and of 2.1 percentage points. At the current rate of Opportunity, 44% of the gender gap has been progress, 95 years will be needed to close the closed, ranking the region 7th out of eight regions, gender gap for the region. just above Southern Asia. There is highly uneven progress in parity on this subindex among different North America has achieved the highest gender countries. Algeria’s level of parity, 31.7%, is less parity score among all regions, 77.6%, on the than half of that of Israel which has closed 68.9% Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. of the gender gap. The United Arab Emirates and This marks a 0.2 percentage-point increase in the Egypt have registered increases in both the share parity score since the last edition. Canada improved of women senior of昀椀cer positions and the share by 0.5 percentage points and the United States of women in technical positions. Further 10 out of by 0.2 percentage points. Parity in wage equality 13 countries in the region have advanced towards for similar work and estimated earned income parity in estimated earned income by at least 0.5 increased in both countries. percentage points. Regional parity on the Educational Attainment The Middle East and North Africa is at 95.9% parity subindex stands at 99.5%. While Canada has on the Educational Attainment subindex, and Israel achieved full parity, the United States, barring is the only country in the region to have full parity. enrolment in secondary education, is virtually Kuwait, Bahrain and Jordan come close, with more at parity for literacy rate, enrolment in primary than 99% gender parity. Relatively more populous education and enrolment in tertiary education. countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt have the lowest parity on this subindex, and Global Gender Gap Report 2023 23

With a score of 96.9%, North America ranks 5th Ranking 昀椀fth out of eight regions, Southern Asia has out of eight regions on the Health and Survival closed 96% of the gender gap on the Educational subindex. The region has seen a 1 percentage- Attainment subindex. India, Sri Lanka and Maldives point decline in parity in health since 2013. For have the highest regional parity scores, while. example, parity for healthy life expectancy, at 1.03, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan is more than just Middle East and North Africa and have achieved less than 95% parity. Afghanistan Southern Asia. Women’s healthy life expectancy has is a negative outlier, having closed only 48.1% of declined more than that of men since 2013 in both the gender gap. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka Canada and the United States, further contributing and India are either at parity or close to parity in to the reduction in parity on this subindex. enrolment in secondary education. On enrolment in tertiary education – barring Afghanistan, Bangladesh The decline in the overall regional gender and Pakistan – all countries are at full parity, though parity score can be partially attributed to the levels are low for both men and women. 7.7 percentage-point decline on the Political Empowerment subindex, which currently stands at Southern Asia has the second-lowest regional 26.1%. Both the United States and Canada have parity score on the Health and Survival subindex, increased the share of parliamentary positions at 95.3%. Based on the constant sample of held by women. However, the measured share countries covered by the index since 2006, that of women ministers has dropped signi昀椀cantly – is a 1.1 percentage-point improvement since the particularly in the United States, where the share last edition. Pakistan, India, the Maldives and declined from 46.2% to 33.3% – which has affected Nepal have improved by varying degrees. All four the overall regional score on this subindex. This countries have bettered their sex ratios at birth, with is partly explained by a stricter de昀椀nition of what Pakistan and India making the most improvement. quali昀椀es as a ministerial position being applied in No country except Sri Lanka has attained full parity the source database produced by UN Women. See in healthy life expectancy. Appendix B for more detail. Similar to other regions, the widest gender gap on the index is on the Political Empowerment Southern Asia subindex. Behind Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and North America, Southern Asia’s is the fourth-highest score among the eight regions, Southern Asia has achieved 63.4% gender parity, at 25.1% parity. Based on the constant sample of the second-lowest score of the eight regions. The countries, this is the only subindex for this region score has risen by 1.1 percentage points since the that has experienced a setback: there has been a last edition on the basis of the constant sample of 1% reduction in parity since the last edition. Only countries covered since 2006, which can be partially the Maldives, Bangladesh and Nepal improved their attributed to the rise in scores of populous countries scores. Parity has backslid in Iran, Sri Lanka and such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Along with Afghanistan, as the share of ministerial positions held Bhutan, these are the countries in this region that by women has dropped in these countries since have seen an improvement of 0.5 percentage points 2022. Further, Nepal and Afghanistan have seen or more in their scores since the last edition. On the negative changes in parity in parliamentary positions, other hand, parity has backslid by 0.5 percentage while other countries have not seen much change. points or more in Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Nepal. Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka are the best- performing countries in the region, while Pakistan Sub-Saharan Africa and Afghanistan are at the bottom of both the regional and global ranking tables. At the current rate of progress, full parity will be achieved in 149 years. Sub-Saharan Africa’s parity score is the sixth- highest among the eight regions at 68.2%, ranking Compared to other regions, Southern Asia remains above Southern Asia and the Middle East and the furthest away from parity on the Economic North Africa. Progress in the region has been Participation and Opportunity subindex, having uneven. Namibia, Rwanda and South Africa, along closed 37.2% of the gap. However, based on the with 13 other countries, have closed more than constant sample of countries covered since 2006, 70% of the overall gender gap. The Democratic there has been an improvement of 1.4 percentage Republic of the Congo, Mali and Chad are the points since the last edition. This can be partially lowest-performing countries, with scores below attributed to the progress of Pakistan, India and 62%. And while there has been progress of Bangladesh. All three have advanced towards 0.5 percentage points or more in 17 out of 36 parity on the labour-force participation rate and countries, scores for 17 countries have seen decline estimated earned income indicators. On the other of 0.5 percentage points or more since the last hand, parity has receded in the Maldives and edition. Based on the constant sample, this marks a Nepal. Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives have the marginal improvement of 0.1 percentage points. At region’s highest parity scores on the Economic the current rate of progress, it will take 102 years to Participation and Opportunity subindex, while close the gender gap in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pakistan and Afghanistan are the countries that lag the most behind. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 24

Sub-Saharan Africa has closed 67.2% of the 0.5 percentage points or more in parity in 23 out gender gap on the Economic Participation and of 36 countries, with gains in parity in literacy rate Opportunity subindex. Liberia, Eswatini and Burundi in 23 out of 36 countries. However, the number are at the top of the ranking table, while Benin, Mali of countries with 90% or more parity decreases and Senegal have attained the least parity. At the with enrolment in successive levels of education. indicator level, there has been an improvement of Apart from Mali, Guinea and Chad, all countries 0.5 percentage points or more in parity in estimated have more than 90% parity in enrolment in primary earned income in 20 out of 36 countries. Further, education, and 16 have reached full parity. Ten the share of technical positions assumed by women countries have less than 90% parity in secondary has increased for more than 1 percentage point in education and 21 countries less than 90% parity in six countries, including populous countries such as tertiary education. the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia. Seven countries – including the Democratic Sub-Saharan Africa has the third-highest parity Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Rwanda – score, 97.2%, on the Health and Survival subindex, have seen greater than 1 percentage-point rise in following Latin America and the Caribbean and the share of senior of昀椀cer positions held by women. Eurasia and Central Asia. Twenty-昀椀ve countries have more than 97% parity. Niger, Liberia and Mali are Sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest-ranked region in the lowest-performing countries on this subindex. closing the gender gap on Educational Attainment, All countries have attained parity in sex ratio at birth, with a parity score of 86%, and only Botswana, and 11 out of 36 countries are at parity for healthy Lesotho and Namibia have achieved full parity. life expectancy. Sixteen countries have achieved less than 90% parity on this subindex, with the Democratic With 昀椀ve countries having less than 10% parity Republic of the Congo and Chad achieving the and 昀椀ve countries with more than 40% parity, lowest scores. There has been an improvement of progress has been highly uneven when it comes TABLE 1.3 The Global Gender Gap Index rankings by region, 2023 Eurasia and Central Asia Europe Country Rank Score Country Rank Score Regional Global Regional Global Moldova, Republic of 1 19 0.788 Iceland 1 1 0.912 Belarus 2 41 0.752 Norway 2 2 0.879 Armenia 3 61 0.721 Finland 3 3 0.863 Kazakhstan 4 62 0.721 Sweden 4 5 0.815 Ukraine 5 66 0.714 Germany 5 6 0.815 Georgia 6 76 0.708 Lithuania 6 9 0.800 Kyrgyzstan 7 84 0.700 Belgium 7 10 0.796 Azerbaijan 8 97 0.692 Ireland 8 11 0.795 Tajikistan 9 111 0.672 Latvia 9 13 0.794 Türkiye 10 129 0.638 United Kingdom 10 15 0.792 Albania 11 17 0.791 Spain 12 18 0.791 East Asia and the Paci昀椀c Switzerland 13 21 0.783 Estonia 14 22 0.782 Country Rank Score Denmark 15 23 0.780 Netherlands 16 28 0.777 Regional Global Slovenia 17 29 0.773 New Zealand 1 4 0.856 Portugal 18 32 0.765 Philippines 2 16 0.791 Serbia 19 38 0.760 Australia 3 26 0.778 France 20 40 0.756 Singapore 4 49 0.739 Luxembourg 21 44 0.747 Lao PDR 5 54 0.733 Austria 22 47 0.740 Viet Nam 6 72 0.711 Croatia 23 55 0.730 Thailand 7 74 0.711 Poland 24 60 0.722 Mongolia 8 80 0.704 Slovakia 25 63 0.720 Indonesia 9 87 0.697 Bulgaria 26 65 0.715 Cambodia 10 92 0.695 Montenegro 27 69 0.714 Timor-Leste 11 95 0.693 Malta 28 70 0.713 Brunei Darussalam 12 96 0.693 North Macedonia 29 73 0.711 Malaysia 13 102 0.682 Italy 30 79 0.705 Korea, Republic of 14 105 0.680 Bosnia and Herzegovina 31 86 0.698 China 15 107 0.678 Romania 32 88 0.697 Vanuatu 16 108 0.678 Greece 33 93 0.693 Fiji 17 121 0.650 Hungary 34 99 0.689 Myanmar 18 123 0.650 Czech Republic 35 101 0.685 Japan 19 125 0.647 Cyprus 36 106 0.678 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 25

TABLE 1.3 The Global Gender Gap Index rankings by region, 2023 Latin America and the Carribean Southern Asia Country Rank Score Country Rank Score Regional Global Regional Global Nicaragua 1 7 0.811 Bangladesh 1 59 0.722 Costa Rica 2 14 0.793 Bhutan 2 103 0.682 Jamaica 3 24 0.779 Sri Lanka 3 115 0.663 Chile 4 27 0.777 Nepal 4 116 0.659 Barbados 5 31 0.769 Maldives 5 124 0.649 Mexico 6 33 0.765 India 6 127 0.643 Peru 7 34 0.764 Pakistan 7 142 0.575 Argentina 8 36 0.762 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 8 143 0.575 Colombia 9 42 0.751 Afghanistan 9 146 0.405 Ecuador 10 50 0.737 Suriname 11 52 0.736 Honduras 12 53 0.735 Sub-Saharan Africa Bolivia 13 56 0.730 Brazil 14 57 0.726 Country Rank Score Panama 15 58 0.724 Uruguay 16 67 0.714 Regional Global El Salvador 17 68 0.714 Namibia 1 8 0.802 Dominican Republic 18 81 0.704 Rwanda 2 12 0.794 Belize 19 89 0.696 South Africa 3 20 0.787 Paraguay 20 91 0.695 Mozambique 4 25 0.778 Guatemala 21 117 0.659 Burundi 5 35 0.763 Cabo Verde 6 37 0.761 Liberia 7 39 0.760 Middle East and North Africa Zimbabwe 8 45 0.746 Eswatini 9 46 0.745 Tanzania, United Rep. of 10 48 0.740 Country Rank Score Madagascar 11 51 0.737 Regional Global Botswana 12 64 0.719 Ethiopia 13 75 0.711 United Arab Emirates 1 71 0.712 Kenya 14 77 0.708 Israel 2 83 0.701 Uganda 15 78 0.706 Bahrain 3 113 0.666 Lesotho 16 82 0.702 Kuwait 4 120 0.651 Zambia 17 85 0.699 Jordan 5 126 0.646 Togo 18 90 0.696 Tunisia 6 128 0.642 Cameroon 19 94 0.693 Saudi Arabia 7 131 0.637 Mauritius 20 98 0.689 Lebanon 8 132 0.628 Ghana 21 100 0.688 Qatar 9 133 0.627 Senegal 22 104 0.680 Egypt 10 134 0.626 Burkina Faso 23 109 0.676 Morocco 11 136 0.621 Malawi 24 110 0.676 Oman 12 139 0.614 Sierra Leone 25 112 0.667 Algeria 13 144 0.573 Comoros 26 114 0.664 Angola 27 118 0.656 Gambia 28 119 0.651 North America Côte d'Ivoire 29 122 0.650 Nigeria 30 130 0.637 Country Rank Score Niger 31 135 0.622 Guinea 32 137 0.617 Regional Global Benin 33 138 0.616 Canada 1 30 0.770 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the 34 140 0.612 United States of America 2 43 0.748 Mali 35 141 0.605 Chad 36 145 0.570 Source World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index, 2023. to Political Empowerment. On average across the the Congo, have improved on this subindex by region, 22.6% parity has been achieved. Based 0.5 percentage points or more. Further, Ethiopia, on the constant sample of countries covered Togo, Tanzania, Namibia and Uganda currently have on the index since 2006, this is an improvement heads of states who are women. of 1.1 percentage points compared to the last edition. Nineteen countries, including the populous Nigeria, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Global Gender Gap Report 2023 26

1.6 In-focus country performances: Top 10 and 15 most populous This section illustrates the state of country-level Since 2016, the gender gap in estimated earned gender parity across the four dimensions and income has shrunk and full parity in technical roles sheds light on important dynamics. The share has been achieved and maintained. However, the of the global female population represented by gender gap in senior roles (score 50.3%) has been the countries discussed in this section is both widening and its labour-force participation rate statistically and strategically signi昀椀cant to monitoring (84.5%) is yet to recover since the pandemic hit. and benchmarking efforts. Based on the data that Additionally, women’s healthy life expectancy at was of昀椀cially reported for the period covered in this birth of 71.6 years is still 2.7 years below the 2020 edition, distinct trends and shifts were observed in edition, worsening the gap in health attainment by the index’s top 10 as well as the 15 most populous 1.1 percentage point to 96.1% compared to results countries,2 which, combined, represent two-thirds from the 2020 edition. of the world’s female population. After a sharp rebound in gender parity scores Top 10 countries between 2017 and 2021, Finland’s progress has been marginal. It advances by 0.3 percentage Iceland continues to incrementally advance points since the last edition to register 86.3% towards gender parity since the inaugural 2006 parity in the 2023 edition, ranking 3rd globally. edition and ranks 1st for the 14th consecutive year. Finland maintains its longstanding gender parity Iceland has closed 91.2% of the gender gap, which on Educational Attainment. The recent tenure of is 0.4 percentage points higher than the previous a female head of state and parity at ministerial edition. The overall gender parity ranking is buoyed position boosts parity on Political Empowerment to by its relatively strong performance across the 70%, which is the fourth-highest score on this pillar Political Empowerment and Economic Participation globally. Yet, progress on Economic Participation and Opportunity subindexes. Iceland has almost and Opportunity (78.3%) seems to be stagnating, doubled its gender parity score in Political marked by slight reversals in parity at senior Empowerment since 2006. Iceland has been led positions and wage equality since the last edition. by a female head of state for 25 of the last 50 However, women have been representing 50% or years and more than two-昀椀fth of its ministerial and more of technical positions since the inaugural 2006 parliamentary positions are held by women, which edition. On the other hand, like several other high- 3 has propelled the country to close 90.1% of the income economies, the healthy life expectancy of gender gap. While Iceland ranks relatively high at women declined by almost 1.5 years since 2006, 14th (score 79.6%) on the Economic Participation partly widening the present gender gap on Health and Opportunity subindex, the gender parity score and Survival (97%). has suffered setbacks since 2021 (84.6%) and now is closer to its 2017 level. Speci昀椀cally, parity in In the last 昀椀ve years, New Zealand has gained wages and in representation among senior of昀椀cials more than 5 percentage points to close 85.6% has declined since 2021. However, since 2006, of the overall gender gap, ranking 4th globally in Iceland maintains parity in the share of women 2023. With parity in parliamentary positions, and in technical roles. On Health and Survival, parity a female head of state for 16 of the last 50 years, marginally regresses, partly owing to the 1.5 years New Zealand has the world’s third-highest level decline in the healthy life expectancy of women of parity on Political Empowerment. New Zealand since the 2020 edition. On Education Attainment has bridged the gender divide in enrolment across (99.1%) Iceland remains almost at parity. all levels of education and literacy rate. In terms of Economic Participation and Opportunity (73.2%), Progress towards gender parity in Norway has there remains a 12.5% gender gap in labour-force been steady, resulting in Norway improving its participation. Estimated earned incomes of both gender parity score to 87.9% and climbing one men and women have been increasing since 2006, rank to the 2nd position in this year’s index. A but men’s income increased at a higher rate than major part of Norway’s continuous improvement that of women, worsening the gap (score 64.2%) can be ascribed to its achievements on Political by 4 percentage points since. On Health and Empowerment (score 76.5%), which has increased Survival, women have lost three years of healthy life by 27.1 percentage points since 2006. Women expectancy since the 2020 edition, reducing parity now assume 50% of the ministerial positions on the subindex (score 96.6%). and 46.2% of parliamentary positions. Further, the country had a female head of state for 18 of Sweden maintains its rank of 5th since the last the last 50 years. Norway also reaches parity in edition; it has closed 81.5% of the gender gap, enrolment rates in primary education and tertiary 0.7 percentage points lower than the 2018 edition. education. However, gender parity on the Economic With 46.4% women parliamentarians and 47.8% Opportunity and Participation (80%) subindex – women ministers who head ministries, Political though recovered slightly since the last edition – is Empowerment is at 50.3% parity. Parity on still 1.8 percentage points below the 2016 level. Economic Participation and Opportunity (79.5%) Global Gender Gap Report 2023 27

has also stagnated recently, and even reversed after a phase of rapid and broad-based increase by 1.7 percentage points since the last edition. in economic parity up until 2018, parity has been The gap in labour-force participation seems to be 昀氀agging. This is mostly due to a 4.8 percentage- at a standstill, while parity in estimated earned point decline in parity in estimated earned income income declined by 7.3 percentage points since and 2 percentage-point decline in parity in labour- the last edition. On the upside, the share of women force participation rate since 2018. Namibia has in technical positions has remained at more than achieved 44.3% parity in Political Empowerment 50% since the 2006 edition and there has mostly with 44.2% women parliamentarians, 31.6% been steady progress in the share of women in women ministers and a female prime minister in senior positions over the last decade. Sweden power since 2015. also achieves a full parity score on Educational Attainment. However, parity in Health and Survival Lithuania re-enters the top 10 and ascends (96.3%) has been sliding because of an almost 1.3 two ranks since the 2022 edition to 9th position. years loss in female healthy life expectancy at birth The parity score at 80.0%, is 0.1 percentage since the 2020 edition. point higher than previous edition. Lithuania’s improvement in its gender parity pro昀椀le after Germany sustains its upward trajectory in 2020 can be attributed to the surge in share of gender parity, climbing four ranks since last year women in parliamentary positions and electing a to 6th position and registering an additional 1.4 female prime minister, resulting in 46.6% parity on percentage points to a score of 81.5%. This the Political Empowerment subindex. Lithuania advancement is due mainly to the increase of the has covered 76.7% of the gender gap on the share of women in parliamentary and ministerial Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. positions, which have boosted the Political This dimension is however marked by mixed Empowerment subindex (63.4%) by 8.4 percentage performance across the indicators. While parity points since 2022. Germany has also attained parity has backtracked in senior positions and estimated in enrolment in all levels of education except for earned income since 2022, full party in technical secondary education. However, a backslide in parity roles has been sustained, and perceptions of in wage equality and estimated earned income wage equality for similar jobs have improved by has depleted the parity on Economic Participation 0.2 percentage points. For Educational Attainment and Opportunity (66.5%) by 6.9 percentage points (98.9%) and Health and Survival (98%), Lithuania since 2018. While parity has been achieved and edges towards parity. sustained in technical roles, the share of women in senior positions is back at the 2018 level (parity The newest entrant to the top 10 is Belgium at score 41.3%). On Health and Survival, Germany is 10th position. It has closed 79.6% of the overall plateauing at 97.2% parity. gender gap, indicating a recovery of 5.7 percentage points since 2017. Most of the development is Nicaragua is the highest-ranking Latin American on the Political Empowerment subindex, where country on the index. It maintains its 7th rank from it has reached full parity in ministerial positions the last edition and only marginally improves to and women in 42.7% of parliamentary seats, 81.1% parity. Progress has been plateauing since marking signi昀椀cant improvements since 2017. 2017 on the overall index. Nicaragua has achieved Further, Belgium remains at parity on Educational gender parity on Educational Attainment and has Attainment. Perception of wage equality for similar been at a standstill at 97.8% parity on the Health jobs and share of women in senior positions have and Survival subindex. The share of women in also been increasing incrementally, and parity has ministerial and parliamentary positions has been been achieved in technical roles. Overall, 72.8% of surpassing the 50% mark in recent years. However, the gender gap is closed on Economic Participation the overall parity score on Political Empowerment and Opportunity subindex. However, a decline in has stagnated, at 62.6% since the last edition. gender parity in healthy life expectancy since 2017 Despite ranking relatively high on the other has been gradually depleting its parity in the Health dimensions, Nicaragua’s performance lags on the and Survival subindex (96.8%). Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, where only 64% parity is attained. The widest gap 15 most populous countries exists in the share of women in senior positions followed by wage equality. China ranks 107th and has achieved 67.8% gender parity. Compared to the previous edition, Ranked 8th is Namibia, the highest-ranking Sub- this represents a 0.4 percentage-point decline in Saharan African country in this edition, which has score and a decline of 昀椀ve positions in rank. China attained 80.2% gender parity, a 0.5 percentage- is at 93.5% parity on Educational Attainment, point decline since the last edition. Namibia has with full parity on tertiary education. On Economic achieved full parity on both the Health and Survival Participation and Opportunity, China has closed and Educational Attainment subindexes, although 72.7% of the gender gap and attains 81.5% their absolute levels of attainment are low for both parity in labour-force participation rate. It also women and men. With 56% of technical workers secures 11.4% parity on Political Empowerment, and 43.6% of senior of昀椀cers being women, with 4.2% women ministers and 24.9% women Economic Participation and Opportunity is at parliamentarians. China continues to have one of 78.4% parity and is ranked 19th globally. However, the lowest sex ratios at birth (89%), affecting parity Global Gender Gap Report 2023 28

levels on the Health and Survival subindex (93.7%, points on the Economic Participation and 145th). Opportunity subindex in the last decade to attain 36.2% parity, though this level of parity India has closed 64.3% of the overall gender remains one of the lowest globally. There is broad gap, ranking 127th on the global index. It has progress across all indicators on this subindex, but improved by 1.4 percentage points and eight particularly in the share of women technical workers positions since the last edition, marking a partial and the achievement of parity in wage equality for recovery towards its 2020 (66.8%) parity level. The similar work. Despite relatively high disparities, parity country has attained parity in enrolment across in literacy rate and enrolment in secondary and all levels of education. However, it has reached tertiary education are gradually advancing, leading only 36.7% parity on Economic Participation and to 82.5% parity on the Educational Attainment Opportunity. On the one hand, there are upticks in subindex. On Health and Survival, Pakistan secures parity in wages and income; on the other hand, the parity in sex ratio at birth, boosting subindex parity shares of women in senior positions and technical by 1.7 percentage points since 2022. Like most roles have dropped slightly since the last edition. other countries, Pakistan’s widest gender gap is on On Political Empowerment, India has registered Political Empowerment (15.2%). It has had a female 25.3% parity, with women representing 15.1% of head of state for 4.7 years of the last 50 years, and parliamentarians, the highest for India since the one-tenth of the ministers as well as one-昀椀fth of inaugural 2006 edition. On the Health and Survival parliamentarians are women. index (95%), the improvement in sex ratio at birth by 1.9 percentage points to 92.7% has driven up parity Brazil’s parity at 72.6% is 57th globally and at after more than a decade of slow progress. its highest parity level since 2006. Brazil has appointed women in 36.7% of ministerial positions, Ranked 43rd, the United States has closed the highest in its history. Further, there has also 74.8% of its overall gender gap. On Educational been a 2.9 percentage-point increase in women Attainment, the country is at parity or virtually parliamentarians (share, 17.7%). Combined, they at parity across all levels of education except have almost doubled the parity level on Political secondary education. On the Economic Empowerment (26.3%) since the previous edition. Participation and Opportunity subindex (78%), the There has also been marginal improvement on the United States has recovered almost to its 2018 Economic Participation and Opportunity dimension. level of parity. Income parity (67.5%) has been While parity in technical positions is sustained, gradually improving, however the share of women parity in estimated incomes is at 62.8%, despite in senior positions has been receding over the registering some improvement compared to the last two editions of the index. Further, over the 2022 edition. There is full parity in Health and last decade, women’s healthy life expectancy has Survival outcomes, based on sex ratio at birth declined by 昀椀ve years and men’s by close to three and healthy life expectancy. On the Educational years. This has worsened gender parity in Health Attainment subindex (99.2%), apart from enrolment and Survival outcomes (97%) by 0.9 percentage in primary education, there is full gender parity points since the 2013 edition. The country’s parity in literacy rate, secondary education and tertiary on Political Empowerment stands at 24.8%, with education. a marginal improvement in the share of women parliamentarians and still no female head of state. Nigeria’s parity is at 63.7% (130th), 1 percentage point lower than its 2013 level. Since then, parity on Indonesia’s gender parity scores were improving the Political Empowerment subindex has receded steadily until they dropped in 2021. In this edition, from 11.9% to 4.1%, due to a decline in parity Indonesia (87th) maintains the same 69.7% score in both parliamentary and ministerial positions. as last year, sustaining a recovery to almost match Further, parity on Educational Attainment has been its 2020 parity level. On Economic Participation 昀氀uctuating in recent years and has only marginally and Opportunity, there is 66.6% parity, indicating improved over the last decade; currently, its 82.6% a partial recovery to its 2020 parity level (68.5%). parity is one of the lowest in the world. Its absolute Since 2020, the share of women senior of昀椀cials levels of women’s literacy rates and enrolment rates has dropped from 55% to 31.7%, while the share across levels of education have also been lagging. of technical workers has increased from 40.1% Nigeria has perfect parity for sex ratio at birth, which to more than 50%, thus attaining parity. Further, has contributed to a 96.7% parity on the Health and there has been marginal improvement in parity in Survival subindex. Further, with a global ranking of estimated earned income, though the gap remains 54th, its Economic Participation and Opportunity wide: for every dollar of income earned by a man, score (71.5%) has experienced both advances a woman earns just 51.9 cents. The Political and setbacks over the last decade. Nigeria has Empowerment subindex is at 18.1% parity, with more than 64% representation of women in senior 21.6% women parliamentarians and 20.7% women positions, but women earn only 50% of the income ministers. Parity across Educational Attainment earned by men. (97.2%) and Health and Survival (97%) remain virtually unchanged compared to the 2022 edition. With the highest gender parity in Southern Asia, Bangladesh ranks 59th globally, with a score Pakistan (142nd) is at 57.5% parity, its highest of 72.2%. The country’s trajectory is mostly since 2006. It has improved by 5.1 percentage characterized by continuous progress on Political Global Gender Gap Report 2023 29

Empowerment. At 55.2% parity, Bangladesh 56.1% and ranks 123rd out of 146 countries. ranks seventh globally on this subindex. It has had a woman head of state for 29.3 years out of the Ethiopia ranks 75th, having closed 71.1% of last 50 years, the longest duration in the world. the gender gap. Compared to the previous However, its shares of women in ministerial (10%) edition, it has improved by 0.6 percentage points. and parliamentary positions (20.9%) are relatively Ethiopia has had a woman president the past low. On Health and Survival (96.2%), there is 4.35 years, along with 41.3% incumbent woman parity in sex ratio at birth. However, gender parity parliamentarians and 40.9% women ministers. in healthy life expectancy has been dropping This results in a closing 43.1% of the gender gap as men’s life expectancy has been increasing on the Political Empowerment subindex, almost faster than that of women since the 2020 edition. triple its score since a decade back (14.6% in Bangladesh’s Educational Attainment parity is at 2013). On Health and Survival, Ethiopia is close 93.6%. Both women and men’s literacy rate and to parity (97.1%). By contrast, on Educational enrolment in secondary and tertiary education has Attainment, though parity across the indicators is been increasing steadily over the last decade. While gradually improving, Ethiopia has one of the lowest there is now full parity in enrolment in secondary parity levels globally (135th) at 85.4%. After some education, for literacy rate and enrolment in tertiary 昀氀uctuations, parity on Economic Participation and education, there remains a persistent gap. At Opportunity is also low, at 58.7%. Labour-force 43.8% parity, Bangladesh’s Economic Participation participation parity is at 72.7% and women earn and Opportunity subindex performance is one of 66.1% of men’s estimated earned income. Only the lowest globally (139th). However, this marks a 25.4% of senior of昀椀cers and 34.3% of technical recovery to its 2020 parity level. Improvement in the positions are held by women. estimated earned income since 2021 edition has helped drive this recovery, as the gaps across the The Philippines has achieved 79.1% gender parity other indicators show less change. and ranks 16th globally. Despite an improvement of three positions and 0.88 percentage points since Ranked 33rd, Mexico’s 76.5% parity is 0.1 last year, this is only a partial recovery towards percentage points better than the previous edition, its 2018 parity level (79.9%). With 26% women though its rank drops by two positions. On cabinet ministers, the Philippines has recovered Educational Attainment, Mexico is close to subindex on that indicator. However, the gap widened in the parity, with full parity in enrolment in secondary and share of parliamentarians who are women (37.6% tertiary education and 98.4% parity in literacy rate. parity), thus effectively decreasing overall parity on Despite this, there is persistent gender disparity in the Political Empowerment subindex (40.9%) by labour-force participation (57.6%), and women’s 0.7 percentage points since 2018. The Philippines estimated earned income is only 52.3% of that is almost at parity on Educational Attainment of men. Further, only 38.5% of senior of昀椀cers are (99.9%). After being close to parity on Health and women. However, women represent almost half of Survival since 2006, the country has regressed the country’s technical workers. Overall, Mexico’s on this subindex (96.8%) due to a slight decline in 60.1% parity on Economic Participation and sex ratio at birth. On Economic Participation and Opportunity stands at 110th globally. On Health Opportunity, the Philippines maintains full parity and Survival, women have lost 2.4 years and men in senior of昀椀cer and technical workers, though have lost 1.5 years of healthy life expectancy since women’s income is just 71.6% that of men. the 2020 edition, widening the subindex gender gap by 0.4 percentage points (97.5%). With parity Egypt is at 62.6% parity and ranks 134th. Egypt in parliamentary positions, 42.1% women ministers advanced towards parity between the 2017 and no woman head of state yet, the Political editions (60.8%) and 2021 editions (63.9%), before Empowerment subindex is at 49% parity, the same regressing for the subsequent 2022 (63.5%) and as the last edition. the current edition. Since 2021, there has been a 3 percentage-point decline in parity on the Japan’s parity declines slightly for the second Educational Attainment subindex, due to slight consecutive year since the 2021 edition. With backslides in parity in enrolment in secondary and a parity of 64.7% (125th), it has slipped 0.25 tertiary education. At 96.8% parity, Health and percentage points compared to the previous survival remains virtually unchanged. However, editions and now stands nine positions lower in the on Economic Participation and Opportunity, a rankings. Japan’s parity in Political Empowerment 6.8 percentage-point increase in the share of at 5.7% is one of the lowest in the world (ranking women in senior of昀椀cer (share 12.4%) and a 4.3 138th). Ten percent of its parliamentary positions percentage-point increase in the share of women in and 8.3% of ministerial positions are held by technical positions (35.1%) since the 2022 edition women, while there has not been any female head have boosted subindex parity by 1.7 percentage of state. There is almost full parity on both the points to 42%. Further, with 27.5% women Educational Attainment and Health and Survival parliamentarians and 18.8% women ministers, there subindexes. There has been 1.1% improvement is 17.5% parity on Political Empowerment. in parity at estimated earned income since the last edition; 54.2% of women are in the labour force Viet Nam, with a score of 71.1% and a global rank and 12.9% of senior of昀椀cers are women. Japan’s of 72nd, continues its gradual progress towards Economic Participation and Opportunity parity is at gender parity. It has progressed by 2.3 percentage Global Gender Gap Report 2023 30

points since 2007 (score 68.9%) when it was The Democratic Republic of the Congo ranks 昀椀rst covered. As compared to the last edition, it 140th, with 61.2% of the gender gap closed. has advanced by 0.62 percentage points as well This is a 3 percentage-point improvement since as 11 positions in rank. While the 2022 edition 2018 when the country was 昀椀rst included in the reported no female ministers, there are now 11.1% index. Most of this improvement can be attributed women ministers, driving up the parity score on the to its progress on the Economic Participation Political Empowerment subindex from 13.5% to and Opportunity and Political Empowerment 16.6%. Viet Nam’s sex ratio at birth has been one subindexes. The country has advanced its parity of the country’s lowest-performing indicators and in estimated earned income, senior of昀椀cials it suffered further setbacks, worsening the Health and technical workers. Further, on the Political and Survival parity by 0.4 percentage points to Empowerment subindex, the share of women in 94.6%, which is among the lowest in the world. parliamentary and ministerial positions has also On Educational Attainment, Viet Nam is at 98.5% risen since the 2018 edition. The other dimension parity. There is also full parity in the share of women where the Democratic Republic of the Congo has as technical workers, and women earn 81.4% of advanced is Educational Attainment (68.3% parity), men’s estimated earned income. Labour-force although it still ranks among the lowest (144th) participation parity is at 88.1%, though only 25.6% globally. This increase is driven by progress in of the senior of昀椀cials are women. Overall, Viet Nam parity in literacy rate and enrolment in secondary is at 74.9% parity on the Economic Participation education. On Health and Survival, the country has and Opportunity subindex. achieved full parity in sex ratio at birth, attaining 97.6% subindex parity. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 31

Endnotes 1. See Appendix B for more detail on the upper threshold of the Health and Survival subindex. 2. With the exception of Russian Federation, which is not featured in the 2023 edition. 3. See research from Nordregio for more details: https://nordregio.org/maps/change-in-life-expectancy-2019-2020-by- country-in-europe/. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 32

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 2 Gender gaps in the workforce This chapter sheds light on global workforce, markets and senior leadership to equip decision- leadership and skilling patterns across industries makers with the data to tackle gender gaps in the and across time to give a more nuanced picture most targeted and impactful way possible. of the current anatomy of gender gaps in labour 2.1 Evolving gender gaps in the global labour market As we approach the middle of 2023, the global edition, while women have (re-)entered the labour economy has resisted slipping into recession, force at higher rates than men globally, leading to yet the risks to future growth and broad-based a small recovery in gender parity in the labour-force prosperity remain many and expected volatility high. participation rate, gaps remain wide overall and in Risks include those inherent in ongoing geopolitical several speci昀椀c dimensions. con昀氀icts, open questions about the future of trade and global supply chains, large-scale climate events, as well as the disruptive impact of emerging Labour-force participation technologies. Many of these risks are expected to have a disproportionately negative effect on women, especially for women in vulnerable situations. Between 2019 and 2020, the global women’s labour-force participation rate declined by 3.4%, 5 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicts as compared to 2.4% for men. Women have been modest global growth in the near term at 2.8% in (re-)entering the workforce at a slightly higher rate 1 2023, improving marginally in 2024. Yet, further than men since then, resulting in a modest recovery down the line, the World Bank projects falling long- in gender parity. Between the 2022 and 2023 term global economic prospects in the absence of editions, parity in the labour-force participation rate 2 deep structural transformation. Unlocking all talent increased from 63% to 64%. However, the recovery in the workforce, in innovation and leadership will be remains un昀椀nished, as parity is still at the second- critical in brightening the current prospects. lowest point since the 昀椀rst edition of the index in 2006 and signi昀椀cantly below its 2009 peak of 69%. Increases in the cost-of-living are set to remain elevated, with baseline global in昀氀ation expected At the regional level, developments have been around 7% in 2023, signi昀椀cantly above traditional uneven. After all regions saw a downturn in the central bank targets of 2%. This will continue to put 2022 edition, the most marked recovery this year disproportionate pressure on individuals with low is observed in Southern Asia, followed by Latin 3 incomes. Furthermore, labour markets are showing America and the Caribbean, Eurasia and Central signs of cooling after a post-pandemic period of Asia, East Asia and the Paci昀椀c, then Sub-Saharan high demand for workers and upward pressures Africa. Parity in labour-force participation in both on wages. In the longer run, International Labour Europe and North America saw virtually no change Organization (ILO) projections point to rising global compared to the 2022 edition, while the Middle unemployment and informal work as well as further East and North Africa saw a slight drop. slowing productivity growth.4 Overall, the lowest levels of parity in participation on The 2022 edition of the Global Gender Gap Report average at the regional level are in the Middle East raised concerns over the state of gender parity and North Africa (30%) and Southern Asia (34%). Of in the labour market. Not only was women’s all regions, North America attains the highest score participation slipping globally, but other markers of of 84%, followed by Europe at 82% and East Asia economic opportunity were showing substantive and the Paci昀椀c at 80%. disparities between women and men. Since the last Global Gender Gap Report 2023 33

FIGURE 2.1 Gender gap in labour-force participation, 2006-2023 0.690 0.680 ce 0.670 -for 0.660 0.650 participation (0-1, parity)0.640 Gender gap in labour 0.630 0.620 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019* 2020 2021 2022 2023 Edition Source Note World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, The fourteenth edition of the Global Gender Gap Index, titled The Global Gender Gap Report 2006-2023. 2020, was released in December 2019. There is no corresponding edition for 2019. FIGURE 2.2 Gender gap in labour-force participation, by region, 2006-2023 1.0 Eurasia and Central Asia East Asia and the Pacific Europe ce -for 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Gender gap in labourparticipation (0-1, parity)0 2006 2023 2006 2023 2006 2023 1.0 Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2006 2023 2006 2023 2006 2023 1.0 Southern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2006 2023 2006 2023 Source World Economic Forum calculations based on Global Gender Gap Report, 2006-2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 34

of educational attainment tends to vary based Unemployment on a country’s income level. In many advanced economies individuals with basic education face Labour-force participation rates mask trends in a higher risk of unemployment, and this pattern is unemployment since the former counts both those particularly pronounced for women (Figure 2.4.a). working and those unemployed but actively looking Conversely, in low- and middle-income countries, for employment. individuals with advanced education are more susceptible to unemployment, with women again After the surge in unemployment due to disproportionately affected (Figure 2.4.b). pandemic lockdowns, both men’s and women’s unemployment rates have almost returned to pre- Further, women face greater dif昀椀culties in their pandemic levels (Figure 2.3). Historically, women search for employment. An individual is considered have consistently faced higher unemployment unemployed if they are actively looking for work rates than men, except for a short period in 2020 and are available to start a job within a short notice when the pandemic led to a peak in unemployment period, typically a week. However, this de昀椀nition for both genders (and slightly more so for men). assumes that men and women face similar Since then, the likelihood of women experiencing conditions in their job searches and are equally unemployment is again higher than for men, available to take up employment on short notice. To compounding the gender gap observed in labour- address these limitations, the ILO has introduced force participation: not only are fewer women the “jobs gap” measure, which encompasses participating in the labour market, but out of those all individuals who desire employment but are who are, relatively fewer are employed. According currently unemployed, including those actively to the latest data from the International Labour seeking employment and readily available to start Organization (ILO), the global unemployment rate work on short notice, those not actively searching stands at approximately 4.5% for women and 4.3% employment opportunities and not available for for men.6 immediate job placement, and those searching for employment but unable to join the workforce on Disparity in female and male unemployment is short notice. highest in the Middle East and North Africa region, where the parity ratio currently stands at 2.69, According to this ILO estimate, 12.3%, or 473 followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, with million people, fall into the jobs gap category. 1.51 parity, and Eurasia and Central Asia at 1.21. Women’s jobs gap rate of 15% is signi昀椀cantly higher 7 East Asia and the Paci昀椀c is the only region below than men’s jobs gap rate of 10.5%. Among both parity (1.0), meaning unemployment is lower for men and women actively seeking employment, female workers than for men. women are also signi昀椀cantly less likely to be readily 8 available to start work on short notice than men. Figure 2.4 further illustrates that unemployment Evidence suggests that these gaps persist due patterns for women tend to be an ampli昀椀ed version to both a lack of suitable job opportunities and of what is experienced by men. The likelihood of lack of access to existing opportunities, in turn unemployment among workers with different levels due to disproportionate care responsibilities and FIGURE 2.3 Gender gap in unemployment, 2013-2022 1.10 1.05 (0-1, parity) 1.00 Parity line Gender gap in unemployment 0.95 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Year Source World Economic Forum calculations based on ILO modeled estimates, 100 countries, constant sample. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 35

FIGURE 2.4 Unemployment by level of education, female and male workers, by income level, 2022 or latest year available A. Female B. Male 40 35 Tunisia 30 Pakistan Jordan Morocco 25 Mali Saudi Arabia Algeria 20 Jordan Rwanda Botswana Guinea Morocco Cameroon Angola South-Africa 15 Chad Rwanda Botswana Lebanon Georgia Greece South Africa Montenegro 10 Spain Algeria North Macedonia North Macedonia Eswatini Italy Finland Spain 5 Sweden Unemployment of workers with advanced education (%)Finland Sweden Slovakia Azerbaijan Slovakia Bulgaria 0 USA Bulgaria 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Unemployment of workers with basic education (%) Emerging market economies Advanced economies Source Note International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Educational attainment based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Basic education is defined as primary and lower secondary education and advanced education is defined as short-cycle tertiary education, bachelor's, master's and doctoral or equivalent levels. discouragement to search for opportunities, among Overall, over the last decade, there has been 9 other factors. insuf昀椀cient progress in improving working conditions, interrupted by shocks in key labour- force indicators. Women still encounter barriers Working conditions entering the workforce, struggle to 昀椀nd jobs, and face relatively poorer working conditions, calling for renewed focus by both governments and business When women secure employment, they often leaders. Across the world, inadequate care systems face substandard quality of working conditions. A are one of the largest roadblocks to improving signi昀椀cant portion of the recovery in employment gender gaps in the labour market. since 2020 can be attributed to informal employment. The ILO estimates that out of every 昀椀ve jobs created for women, four are within the informal economy, whereas for men, the ratio is two out of every three jobs.10 While informal work is critical and may drive production and employment, it is often a “last-resort” option characterized by a lack of legal protections, social security, and decent working conditions, and poses numerous challenges for women’s economic and social well- being. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 36

2.2 Workforce representation across industries In addition to overall barriers to labour-force Industries where women are under-represented participation and employment, global data provided yet still make up more than 40% of the workforce by LinkedIn shows persistent skewing in women’s (i.e. above the global average score of 41.9%, and representation in the workforce across industries.11 the median score of 42.4%) are Retail (48.7%), Entertainment Providers (48.4%), Administrative In LinkedIn’s sample, which comprises all LinkedIn and Support Services (46.5%), Real Estate (44.7%), users in 163 countries, women account for 41.9% Accommodation and Food (43.3%) and Financial of the workforce (ILO reports 39.5% in 2021 for the Services (42.4%). Finally, women are poorly global workforce12). Trends over time indicate that represented in sectors like Oil, Gas and Mining the share of women hired into the total workforce (22.7%) and Infrastructure (22.3%), where they saw upward trends between 2016-2019, increasing account for less than one-quarter of workers. from 41.6% to 42.1% before plateauing in 2020. In the last three years, the proportion of jobs held by The drop in women’s workforce representation women increased again in 2021 (+0.12 percentage between 2022 and 2023 noted earlier is observed points), followed by a slight drop in 2022 (-0.03 across industries, but especially in Consumer percentage points) and a steeper decline in 2023 Services (-0.71 percentage points), Accommodation (-0.31 percentage points). and Food (-0.67 percentage points), Agriculture (-0.65 percentage points), and Wholesale (-0.62 A closer look across industries reveals that percentage points). Healthcare and Care Services (64.7%) continues to be a female-dominated 昀椀eld. Women also The share of women in Accommodation and Food, outnumber men, though to a lesser degree, however, has been experiencing a downward trend in Education (54.0%) and Consumer Services since 2020 – along with women’s share in Retail (51.8%). The Government and Public sector is the and, to a smaller extent, in Healthcare and Care only one showcasing a fairly balanced distribution Services and Financial Services (for the latter, the of men and women across occupations, with decline started in 2018). women accounting for almost half (49.7%) of the workforce in 2023 (down from 50% in 2022). FIGURE 2.5 Representation of women in the workforce, by industry, 2016-2023 70 Healthcare and Care Services 60 Education Consumer Services Government and Public 50 Sector Retail Entertainment Providers e (%) Administrative and Support Services Shar Real Estate Accommodation and Food 40 Financial Services Overall Professional Services Technology, Information and Media Wholesale 30 Utilities Manufacturing Agriculture Supply Chain and Transportation Oil, Gas and Mining 20 Infrastructure 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year Source Note LinkedIn Economic Graph. The 2023 data points only include data for Q1 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 37

The industries where women’s representation has points), Infrastructure (+1.16 percentage points), been trending markedly upward since 2016 (albeit Consumer Services (+1.1 percentage points), dipping at the beginning of 2023) are: Government Professional Services (+0.95 percentage points) and Public Sector (+1.8 percentage points in 2022 and Technology, Information and Media (+0.94 compared to 2016), Agriculture (+1.24 percentage percentage points). 2.3 Representation of women in senior leadership LinkedIn data indicates that the share of women Industries with the greatest discrepancy between in senior leadership positions – where “senior women’s share in senior contributor roles and leadership” is de昀椀ned as Director,13 Vice-President that in either Director or higher-ranked roles (VP 14 15 (VP) or C-suite – is at 32.2% in 2023 nearly or C-suite) are Real Estate (-12.9 percentage 10 percentage points lower than women’s points), Administrative and Support Services overall 2023 workforce representation of 41.9%. (-11.7 percentage points), Entertainment Providers Women continue to be outnumbered by men in (-10.9 percentage points) and Healthcare and Care senior leadership positions across all industries, Services (-10 percentage points). The 昀椀elds with especially so in 昀椀elds like Manufacturing (24.6% a better retention of women and thus less abrupt women); Agriculture (23.3%); Supply Chain and drops in women’s share in senior contributor Transportation (23.0%); Oil, Gas and Mining versus senior leader roles are Education (-1.3 (18.6%); and Infrastructure (16.1%). percentage points) and Consumer Services (-1.4 percentage points). The sectors where gender diversity in senior leadership is more present, with women taking Despite a signi昀椀cant drop in gender diversity from up between one-third and one-half of senior more junior to more senior levels, Healthcare and leadership roles, are: Healthcare and Care Services Care Services is the only industry where women (49.5%), Education (46.0%), Consumer Services surpass men in either Manager (60.7%) or Director (45.9%), Government and Public Sector (40.3%), (53.8%) positions, while also displaying the highest Retail (38.5%), Entertainment Providers (37.1%), share of women in either VP (46.8%) or C-suite Administrative and Support Services (34.7%), and (39.8%) roles. The next-best industries for female Accommodation and Food (33.5%). senior leaders are Consumer Services (e.g. 49.9% of Director positions, 46.3% of VP roles and 38.4% of C-suite roles are held by women) and Education Organizational hierarchy levels (e.g. 49.3% of Director positions, 41.4% of VP roles and 38.6% of C-suite roles are held by women). When further disaggregating the data by seniority levels, it becomes apparent that different industries Senior leadership display different intensities and patterns when it comes to the “drop to the top” – the degree to which female representation drops as seniority level Despite the overall “drop to the top”, women have increases. This is illustrated in Figure 2.7. increased their representation in senior leadership since 2016 across all industries. The sectors that Representation drops to 25% in C-suite positions made gains in women taking up Director roles, for on average, which is just more than half of the instance, are Technology, Information and Media representation in entry-level positions, at 46%. (an increase of 2.4 percentage points from 30.8% in Women fare relatively better in industries such as 2016 to 33.2% in 2022), Professional Services (+2.1 Consumer Services, Retail, and Education, which percentage points) and Government and Public register ratios of C-suite vs entry level representation Sector (+2 percentage points). Slower progression between 64% and 68%, as shown in Table 2.1. over time is noticed in the 昀椀eld of Entertainment Construction, Financial Services and Real Estate, Providers (+0.4 percentage points) and in Healthcare on the other hand, present the toughest conditions and Care Services (+0.5 percentage points). for aspiring female leaders, with a ratio of C-suite to entry-level representation of less than 50%. The latter, however, displays one of the more marked improvements of women’s representation in On average, across industries, a signi昀椀cant gap is VP roles, with an increase of 1.6 percentage points seen when comparing the share of women in senior between 2016-2022, alongside even more notable contributor positions (44.0%) to that of women in progress in Technology, Information and Media as Manager (35.5%) or Director roles (36.8%). The well as Professional Services (both registering a disproportionate share of men holding top positions rise of 1.9 percentage points). Women’s ranks in is even starker among higher-ranked positions, VP positions have not increased as quickly in either where men account for 71.7% of Vice-President (VP) Accommodation and Food (+0.4 percentage points) roles and 74.6% of C-suite positions on average. or Administrative and Support Services (+0.3 percentage points). Global Gender Gap Report 2023 38

FIGURE 2.6 Women's representation in the workforce, overall vs. in leadership, by industry, 2022 Accommodation 34% and Food 43% Administrative and 35% Support Services 47% Agriculture 25% 32% Consumer Services 46% 52% Education 46% 54% Entertainment Providers 37% 48% Financial Services 32% 42% Government and 40% Public Sector 50% Healthcare and 50% Care Services 65% Infrastructure 16% 22% Manufacturing 25% 32% Oil, Gas and Mining 19% 23% Overall 32% 42% Professional Services 32% 42% Real Estate 29% 45% Retail 39% 49% Supply Chain and 23% Transportation 30% Technology, Information 28% and Media 36% Utilities 25% 33% Wholesale 25% 34% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Share (%) Senior leaders All levels Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 39

FIGURE 2.7 Industry representation of women, by seniority level, as of March 2023 70 Consumer Services Retail Education 60 50 e (%) 40 30 Shar 20 10 0 A B C D E F A B C D E F Entry (A) ector (D) Senior (B) C-suite (F) Dir esident (E) Manager (C) Vice pr 70 Administrative and Support Service Professional Services Entertainment Providers 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F 70 Oil, Gas, and Mining Hospitals and Health Care Global 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F Technology, Information 70 Manufacturing Farming, Ranching, Forestry and Media 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D E F A B C D E F A B C D E F Accommodation and 70 Government Administration Food Services Utilities 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D E D A B C D E D A B C D E D Share of women Global Gender Gap Report 2023 40

FIGURE 2.7 Industry representation of women, by seniority level, as of March 2023 Transportation, Logistics, Supply 70 Wholesale Chain and Storage Construction 60 50 e (%)40 30 Shar 20 10 0 A B C D E F A B C D E F Entry (A) ector (D) Senior (B) C-suite (F) Dir esident (E) Manager (C) Vice pr Real Estate and Equipment 70 Financial Services Rental Services 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Share of women A B C D E F A B C D E F Source Note LinkedIn Economic Graph. Charts are arranged in descending order by the difference between women in entry-level and C-suite positions as a share of the overall number of those positions. TABLE 2.1 Drop to the top, by industry, as of March 2023 The data presented in this graph is ordered in descending order based on the ratio of women's representation in both entry-level positions and C-suite positions. Percentage of women in... Entry-level position (a) C-suite level positions (b) “Drop to the top” (b)/(a) Consumer Services 57% 38% 0.68 Retail 53% 36% 0.67 Education 60% 39% 0.64 Administrative and Support Services 50% 29% 0.59 Professional Services 45% 26% 0.58 Entertainment Providers 52% 30% 0.57 Oil, Gas, and Mining 24% 14% 0.57 Hospitals and Health Care 71% 40% 0.56 Overall 46% 25% 0.56 Manufacturing 34% 19% 0.55 Farming, Ranching, Forestry 36% 20% 0.54 Technology, Information and Media 37% 20% 0.53 Government Administration 55% 29% 0.53 Accommodation and Food Services 49% 26% 0.53 Utilities 35% 18% 0.52 Wholesale 38% 19% 0.50 Transportation, Logistics, Supply Chain and Storage 34% 17% 0.50 Construction 25% 12% 0.49 Financial Services 49% 23% 0.47 Real Estate and Equipment Rental Services 54% 23% 0.43 0 1 Share 0% 100% Source Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. The data presented in this graph is presented in descending order based on the ratio of women's representation in both entry-level and C-suite positions. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 41

FIGURE 2.8 Share of women in senior leadership, by industry, 2016-2023 60 50 Healthcare and Care Services Education Consumer Services 40 Government and Public Sector Retail Entertainment Providers e (%) Accommodation and Food Administrative and Support Shar Services Overall 30 Professional Services Financial Services Real Estate Technology, Information and Media Utilities Wholesale Manufacturing 20 Agriculture Supply Chain and Transportation Oil, Gas and Mining Infrastructure 10 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year Source Note LinkedIn Economic Graph. The 2023 data points only include data for Q1 2023. The global share of women taking up senior Leadership hiring rates leadership roles (Director, VP or C-suite) had been on an upward slope in recent years, increasing from 31.1% in 2016 to 32.6% in 2022, yet dropping to A similar trajectory is observed when tracking 32.2% in the 昀椀rst quarter of 2023. Between 2016 the evolution of leadership hiring rates over and mid-2022, progress on women’s representation time, which in turn affects the overall leadership in senior leadership was seen across industries: representation rates as seen in Figure 2.8. For the upward trends were steeper in Technology, past eight years, the proportion of women hired into Information and Media (+1.98 percentage points); leadership positions has been steadily increasing Professional Services (+1.96 percentage points); by about 1% per year globally. In the 昀椀rst months Government and Public Sector (+1.93 percentage of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there was points); Manufacturing (+1.84 percentage points); a decline followed by a recovery matching or in and Utilities (+1.75 percentage points). some industries even exceeding the pre-pandemic trajectory. However, this trend shows a clear Yet, women’s workforce representation decreased reversal starting in 2022, bringing the 2023 rate at all levels of seniority across the examined back to 2021 levels (Figure 2.9). industries in the early 2023 data (-0.31 percentage points), and the decline is stronger for senior leader Progress in hiring women into top positions has positions (-0.33 percentage points). The recent drop not been advancing at the same rate across in the representation of women in top positions is industries since 2016 (Figure 2.10). Some sectors especially visible in sectors like Consumer Services are displaying upward trends over several years (-0.58 percentage points), Healthcare and Care (Financial Services; Professional Services; Oil, Services (-0.42 percentage points), Real Estate Gas, and Mining), while others are 昀氀uctuating (-0.41 percentage points), and Infrastructure and (Government Administration, Administrative and Agriculture (-0.4 percentage points). Support Services). Global Gender Gap Report 2023 42

FIGURE 2.9 Proportion of women in leadership hires, seasonally adjusted, 2016-2023 33 32 31 30 e (%)29 Shar 28 27 26 25 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year Quarterly share of hiring Yearly moving average Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. The recent downturn shown in Figure 2.9 has and Agriculture, which continue to stay on trend. been observed across industries. Estimates by The most affected industries are Technology and LinkedIn show that as of May 2023, the proportion Professional Services, which in May 2023 was 4 of women hired into leadership is lower than what percentage points below trend, and Entertainment would be predicted based on the pre-2022 trend Providers and Wholesale, which were 3 percentage line for most industries, apart from Construction; points below trend (Figure 2.10). Real Estate; Oil, Gas and Mining; Education; Global Gender Gap Report 2023 43

FIGURE 2.10 Share of women hired into senior leadership, by industry, 2016-2023 55 Hospitals and Health Care Consumer Services Education 45 Government Administration Entertainment Providers Administrative and Support Services Retail Professional Services e (%)35 Accommodation and Food Services Shar Real Estate and Equipment Rental Services Financial Services Technology, Information and Media Wholesale Utilities 25 Manufacturing Transportation, Logistics, Supply Chain and Storage Farming, Ranching, Forestry Oil, Gas and Mining Construction 15 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year Source Note LinkedIn Economic Graph. The 2023 data points only include data for Q1 2023. 2.4 Gender gaps in the labour markets of the future STEM occupations cohort, the numbers on the integration of STEM university graduates into the labour market show that the retention of women in STEM one year after Examining more closely science, technology, graduating sees a signi昀椀cant drop. Figure 2.12 engineering and math (STEM) occupations – an shows that among those graduating with a STEM important set of jobs that are well remunerated and degree in 2017, for instance, 35.5% were women; expected to grow in signi昀椀cance and scope in the a year after graduation, 29.6% of those holding future – LinkedIn data on members’ job pro昀椀les show STEM jobs were women (a drop of 5.9 percentage that women remain signi昀椀cantly underrepresented points). In 2021, women comprised 38.5% of STEM 16 in the STEM workforce. Women make up almost degree recipients compared with 31.6% of STEM half (49.3%) of total employment across non-STEM workers one year following graduation (a drop of 6.9 occupations, but just 29.2% of all STEM workers percentage points). Once in the workforce, however, (Figure 2.11). The fraction of women in STEM jobs women are generally less likely to drop out in the has nonetheless grown by 1.58 percentage points 昀椀rst years (until they start climbing the hierarchy, see from 27.6% in 2015, and the growth outpaces that Figure 2.12). For example, the difference between for non-STEM jobs (0.37 percentage points). year 2 after graduation and year 1 after graduation is around 1 or 2 percentage points. This data from LinkedIn suggests that one 昀椀rst point of intervention in improving numbers could be to When it comes to STEM occupations, women smooth the transition for female STEM graduates are scarce throughout all industries, apart from from university to the world of work. While the Healthcare and Care Services, where they represent percentage of female STEM graduates entering 51.5% of the workforce. Gender parity in STEM into STEM employment is increasing with every jobs across industries varies widely. In Technology, Global Gender Gap Report 2023 44

FIGURE 2.11 Share of women in STEM and non-STEM workforce, 2015-2023 60 50 e (%) 40 Shar 30 20 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year STEM Non-STEM Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. FIGURE 2.12 Share of women STEM graduates (Bachelor's degree or higher), by years since graduation 40 35 e (%) 2021 2020 2019 Shar 2018 2017 30 25 0 1 2 3 4 5 Years since graduation Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. FIGURE 2.13 Share of women in the workforce, by seniority level and STEM occupation status 70 60 50 40 e (%) Shar30 20 10 0 Entry Senior Manager Director Vice president Chief executive Non-STEM STEM Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 45

Information and Media, for example, the share of AI occupation take-up STEM occupations stands at 23.4% for women versus 43.6% for men, meaning that women are half (53.8%) as likely to take up STEM employment As AI continues to revolutionize the labour market, in this 昀椀eld. In other industries, such as Real Estate, a new metric has been developed in collaboration women are only 35% as likely as men to work in with LinkedIn to analyse the gender gap in the STEM, whereas in Agriculture and Education, parity distribution of AI talent across industries that have 17 reaches 69% and 61.5% respectively. experienced signi昀椀cant impacts from AI. Women generally tend to be underrepresented The concentration of AI talent overall has surged, in leadership roles, but especially in STEM work: increasing six times between 2016 and 2022. The they account for 29.4% of entry-level workers and extent of this increase varies across industries, 29.9% of senior workers, but the share of women with Technology, Education, Professional Services, in Manager or Director positions drops to one- and Financial Services exhibiting the highest quarter (25.5% and 26.7% respectively). Women’s concentration of AI talent. representation in high-level leadership roles such as VP and C-suite drops even lower, to 17.8% and However, when it comes to gender gaps, 12.4%, respectively. representation of female AI talent is lower compared FIGURE 2.14 Gender representation for AI talent, by industry, 2022 Education 40% 60% Consumer Services 38% 62% Government and 35% 65% Public Sector Professional Services 31% 69% Financial Services 727% 73% Technology, Information 25% 75% and Media Manufacturing 22% 78% Overall 30% 70% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Share (%) Women Men Source LinkedIn Economic Graph. to men in all large industries, as depicted in Figure The gender gap in AI professionals has far-reaching 2.14. Overall, as of 2022, only 30% of AI talent implications that extend beyond the realm of were female. The industries with the highest technology. It exacerbates the existing gender concentration of AI talent include those with a low disparities in the workforce, particularly in a rapidly- representation of women, as well as those with growing sector like AI that holds signi昀椀cant in昀氀uence higher representation, such as Financial Services over various industries. As AI is disrupting critical (female representation of 28%); Education (40%); solutions in knowledge work, supply chains, hiring, Professional Services (31%); and Technology, education, health and the environment, among Information, and Media (25%). Additionally, others, underrepresentation of women in AI can Consumer Services (38%) and Government and impede the realization of the innovation premium Public Sector (35%) are industries with a large associated with diversity. In addition, when gender gap overall and in AI. Female representation women’s perspectives, experiences and insights are in AI is progressing, yet very slowly. The percentage not adequately incorporated into AI development of women working in AI today is roughly 4% higher and deployment, biased algorithms and than it was in 2016 (~26%). technologies may be perpetuated, risking biased and suboptimal solutions to emerging challenges. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 46

2.5 Gender gaps in the skills of the future As labour markets get recon昀椀gured with the men and women in 2020. Even after the lockdowns emergence of new working arrangements and were relaxed, a combination of online, blended frontier technologies, education and skills do not and hybridized modalities of learning continued, only drive employability, productivity and wages, highlighting new opportunities in online skilling they also impact people’s access to temporal and adult training. However, studying the gap and geographical 昀氀exibility and their ability to between women and men’s enrolment throughout balance caregiving responsibilities around work. this period points to persistent gender disparities This has been an important factor for labour-force and indicates missed opportunities and barriers for participation choices among women and men, their women to access and bene昀椀t from such learning career progression and their stress levels, especially opportunities. 18 since the COVID-19 pandemic began. As of 2022, except for teaching and mentoring It is no longer suf昀椀cient to frontload skills through courses, there is disparity in enrolment in every skill training in the initial phase of the career for a single category. For enrolment in cognitive skills such as 19 22 quali昀椀cation throughout a lifetime. In the changing creative thinking (64.3% parity ), analytical thinking job market, demand for skills is rapidly shifting. As (52.7%) and systems thinking (55.6%), which are illustrated in Figure 2.15, creative thinking, analytical projected to become increasingly crucial in the thinking, technological literacy, curiosity and lifelong next 昀椀ve years, gender gaps remain persistent and 23 learning and resilience, 昀氀exibility and agility are even register declines since 2015 parity levels. For increasing in demand, according to the Forum’s enrolment in technology skills such as technological Future of Jobs survey that studied the business literacy (43.7% parity) and AI and big data (33.7%), expectations of evolution of the importance of these which are within the top 10 skills projected to grow, skills. there is less than 50% parity and progress has been sluggish since 2015. To match supply for these rapidly evolving demand for skills, governments and organizations However, there is a relatively higher degree of have been calling for policy focus and 昀椀nancial gender parity in enrolling in courses for obtaining investment into adult education, training and lifelong attitudes and socio-emotional capabilities. This learning, in line with SDG 4 (“Ensure inclusive and is particularly important as attitudes and socio- equitable quality education and promote lifelong emotional skills are among the most important skills 20 learning opportunities for all”). In this context, the to employers. Companies place great emphasis emergence of online learning has introduced a wide on these “human” skills that are less susceptible to array of new educational solutions that can assist automation and that allow their workforce to more 24 individuals in adapting to the dynamic job market. ef昀椀ciently respond to change. For self-ef昀椀cacy skills, such as curiosity and lifelong learning (87.6% Online learning offers the advantages of 昀氀exibility, parity); resilience, 昀氀exibility and agility (77.1%); and accessibility and customization, enabling learners motivation and self-awareness (86.8%), parity in to acquire knowledge in a manner that suits their enrolment has been relatively high. Gender gaps speci昀椀c needs and circumstances. However, are also relatively lower in enrolling for skills under women and men currently do not have equal the category of working with others, for example, opportunities and access to these online platforms, teaching and mentoring (131.5%), leadership and 21 given the persistent digital divide. Even when they social in昀氀uence (75.8%) and empathy and active do use these platforms, there are gender gaps in listening (72.3%). However, women still tend to skilling, especially those that are projected to grow enrol in smaller numbers compared to men in all in importance and demand. In the subsections these skills except teaching and mentoring. that follow, analysis developed in collaboration with Coursera reveals important aspects related Over time since 2015, these gender gaps have to gender gaps in the enrolment, attainment reduced only slowly in most skills, including those and ef昀椀ciency in the acquisition of skills that are with glaring gender differences such as AI and expected to grow in importance. big data, technological literacy, analytical thinking and creative thinking. Further, in skills such as curiosity and lifelong learning, resilience, 昀氀exibility Online enrolment and agility, motivation and self-awareness, disparity in enrolment shows signs of worsening as gender parity in enrolment in these skills have declined in The number of enrolments in courses on online the last one or two years. learning platform Coursera experienced more than a fourfold growth in users between 2015 and 2022. A closer examination of learning hours further In particular, the lockdown during the pandemic supports and mirrors the analysis in gender precipitated this growth across the education disparities in enrollment across these skills. Overall, technology industry as learners of all levels had to parity in enrolment in many key skills has been low. shift to online platforms. Coursera witnessed its Further, they are slow to progress towards parity, highest year-on-year increase in enrolments for both and except for teaching and mentoring, talent Global Gender Gap Report 2023 47

FIGURE 2.15 Skills on the rise Share of companies which consider skills to be increasing or decreasing in importance, ordered by the net difference Creative thinking 73.2% Analytical thinking 71.6% Technological literacy 67.7% Curiosity and lifelong learning 66.8% Resilience, flexibility and agility 65.8% Systems thinking 59.9% AI and big data 59.5% Motivation and self-awareness 58.9% Talent management 56.4% Service orientation and customer service 54.8% Leadership and social influence 53.1% Empathy and active listening 52.3% Dependability and attention to detail 52.0% Resource management and operations 51.4% Networks and cybersecurity 50.3% Quality control 49.5% Design and user experience 48.4% Teaching and mentoring 47.8% Environmental stewardship 43.2% Programming 38.8% Marketing and media 38.4% Multi-lingualism 38.0% Reading, writing and mathematics 26.4% Global citizenship 23.8% Sensory-processing abilities 22.6% Manual dexterity, endurance and precision 14.9% -25 0 25 50 75 100 Share of companies surveyed (%) Increasing importance Declining importance Net difference: Skills, knowledge and abilities Attitudes Source Note World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Survey 2023. The Future of Jobs Survey uses the World Economic Forum's Global Skills Taxonomy. The share of companies which consider skills to be of stable importance to their workers is not plotted. For more information, see https://www1.reskillingrevolution2030.org/skills-taxonomy/index.html. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 48

FIGURE 2.16 Gender gap in enrolment in lifelong learning courses, by skill, 2015-2022 Organized by the share of organizations which consider skills to be increasing or decreasing in importance, according to the Future of Jobs Report 2023 2.0 Creative thinking Analytical thinking Technological literacy 1.5 1.0 Parity line Gender gap0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 2.0 Curiosity and lifelong learning Resilience, flexibility and agility Systems thinking 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 2.0 AI and big data Motivation and self-awareness Talent management 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 Service orientation and 2.0 customer service Leadership and social influence Empathy and active listening 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 Dependability and Resource management 2.0 attention to detail and operations Networks and cybersecurity 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 Cognitive skills Engagement skills Ethics Management skills Self-efficacy Technology skills Working with others Global Gender Gap Report 2023 49

FIGURE 2.16 Gender gap in enrolment in lifelong learning courses, by skill, 2015-2022 Organized by the share of organizations which consider skills to be increasing or decreasing in importance, according to the Future of Jobs Report 2023 2.0 Quality control Design and user experience Teaching and mentoring 1.5 1.0 Parity line Gender gap0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 2.0 Environmental stewardship Programming Marketing and media 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 2015 2022 2.0 Reading, writing and mathematics Global citizenship 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2015 2022 2015 2022 Cognitive skills Engagement skills Ethics Management skills Self-efficacy Technology skills Working with others Source Source World Economic Forum calculations based on Coursera data. Skills are coloured according to the level-2 skill type in the Global Skills Taxonomy and ordered by increasing importance as per the Future of Jobs Survey. management and design and user experience, to men, a smaller number of women achieve parity in any skills has not progressed by more than intermediate and advanced levels in this skill 3 percentage points since last year. category. Notably, the most signi昀椀cant gender gap is found in the technology skills category, across all pro昀椀ciency levels. Furthermore, gender disparity in Skill pro昀椀ciency through online cognitive skills also remains relatively high across all learning pro昀椀ciency levels. Across all skill categories, the gender gaps tend to The 昀椀ndings regarding parity in enrolment extend widen as pro昀椀ciency levels increase. The largest to patterns of parity in skilling outcomes. Gender drop in attainment occurs in the management differences in skilling outcomes reveal slightly and engagement skills skill category, where parity varied patterns across different skill categories and observed at the beginner level decreases from pro昀椀ciency levels. 108.8% to 71.7% at the advanced level. There is also a 29% difference between parity in attaining Women are at parity with men in acquiring beginner beginner level (75.9%) and advanced level (46.8%) and advanced levels of self-ef昀椀cacy, working technology skills. For cognitive skills, there is with others, and ethics skills. They also exhibit 85.3% parity in attaining cognitive skills; however, parity in attaining beginner-level management and this drops to 61.4% parity in advance level skill engagement skills. However, when compared attainment. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 50

The underlying factors contributing to this disparity and engagement skills, self-ef昀椀cacy, working with and the disadvantages faced by women warrant others, and ethics and technology skills, in less further investigation. In the subsequent section, we time compared to men. Only at beginner levels of delve into the examination of gender disparities in pro昀椀ciency for self-ef昀椀cacy, working with others and the time required to acquire these skills to study the ethics and management and engagement skills did ef昀椀ciency with which women and men are attaining women require slightly more learning hours. these skills. The pattern may stem from factors like time poverty experienced by women, the ef昀椀ciency of Time required to attain the enrolled women, or a combination of various pro昀椀ciency in key skill categories elements. The gendered patterns observed in skilling have Even as women are getting fewer learning signi昀椀cant rami昀椀cations for economic progress opportunities than men, they demonstrate relatively due to their effects on talent allocation, utilization more ef昀椀ciency in attaining them across pro昀椀ciency and innovation in the context of fast evolving levels for most skills. Women are especially skill demands. This has the potential to impede outpacing men in achieving pro昀椀ciency in skills progress in reducing occupational segregation, that take relatively longer to acquire, as measured thereby restricting job opportunities, and limiting by median learning hours. Women tend to attain the available talent pool. This can consequently 25 most pro昀椀ciency levels in all the skill categories negatively impact economic growth. Moreover, studied, such as cognitive skills, management the enduring nature of this segregation, combined FIGURE 2.17 Gender gap in skill proficiency attainment, by level of proficiency and skill category, 2022 Cognitive skills Management and engagement skills Advanced Intermediate oficiency level Pr Beginner 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Self-efficacy, working with others and ethics Technology skills Advanced Not available Intermediate Beginner 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Gender gap in skill proficiency attainment (1 = gender parity) Source World Economic Forum calculations based on Coursera data. with obstacles to acquiring speci昀椀c skills and the trainings, such as courses, seminars, workshops or perpetuation of gender stereotypes, may result in organized sessions, tend to earn higher wages than 26 missed opportunities for women to increase their their male counterparts. earnings and advance in their careers. According to an OECD study based on data from the PIAAC Improving women’s access to skilling opportunities Survey of Advanced Skills, there is a positive will be critical to respond to the rapid shifts in the correlation between wages and adult training and skills needed in the job market. Research based on learning for both male and female workers. Further, Coursera data in the Future of Jobs Report 2023 women who engage in job-related non-formal highlighted that learners without degrees can learn Global Gender Gap Report 2023 51

FIGURE 2.18 Median number of learning hours, by gender, across proficiency levels, 2022 Cognitive skills Management and engagement skills Advanced Intermediate oficiency level Pr Beginner 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Self-efficacy, working with others and ethics Technology skills Advanced Not available Intermediate Beginner 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Median number of learning hours Men Women Source World Economic Forum calculations based on Coursera data. critical skills just as fast as degree holders. This will be particularly important for women without advanced formal education and there is signi昀椀cant potential for skills-based approaches such as industry micro-credentials and skills-based hiring to tackle skills gaps and talent shortages.27 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 52

2.6 Gender gaps in political leadership Much like in the case of representation of women Head of state level in business leadership, gender gaps in political leadership continue to persist. Although there has been an increase in the number of women As of 31 December 2022, approximately 27.9% holding political decision-making posts worldwide, of the global population, equivalent to 2.12 billion achieving gender parity remains a distant goal and people, live in countries with a female head of state. regional disparities are signi昀椀cant. The sections While this indicator experienced stagnation between below examine the progress made so far, regional 2013 and 2021, 2022 witnessed a signi昀椀cant disparities and the challenges ahead. increase. This surge can primarily be attributed to FIGURE 2.19 Global population under female head of state, 2013-2022 100 80 60 40 e of population (%) 20 Shar 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Year Female head of state Male head of state Source Calculation based on World Economic Forum data and United Nations' World Population Prospects data. India, the world’s most populous country, where during recent years. Conversely, the Middle East a female president assumed power following the and North Africa was the only region to experience 2022 presidential election. In total, since January a signi昀椀cant decline in women’s representation in 2022, nine women have come into power, with parliament from 2020 to 2021, partly driven by the eight of them still holding their positions as of March drastic drop in Algeria, from 26% to 8%. 2023. Depending on the political system of the country, these heads of state positions have varying Further, in 2022, Malta witnessed the most powers in terms of national agenda setting and substantial jump in the share of women in representation of the state. parliament across all countries, followed by Colombia and Slovenia. Notably, these countries have implemented legislated candidate quotas in Parliaments their electoral laws. Nicaragua has the strongest representation of women in its National Assembly in 2022, with 51.65% of members being women. Another recent positive trend is observed when Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies and New Zealand’s examining the share of women in parliaments, House of Representatives have achieved gender weighted by population. In 2013, only 18.7% of parity. More than one-third but less than one-half of parliament members globally were women among the representatives were women in 28 economies the 76 countries with consistent data. By 2022, in 2022. These countries include Iceland (47%), this number had risen steadily to 22.9%, re昀氀ecting Costa Rica (47%), United Kingdom (35%) and progress over the years. However, global trends Nepal (33%). Women make up less than one-third do mask the regional disparities. At the regional of parliamentarians in the remaining 45 countries, level, as illustrated in Figure 2.20, the trends show including Canada (31%), United States (29%), and diverse trajectories. Europe leads the way with the Japan (10%), as well as in populous emerging highest share of women in parliament, followed by markets such as China (25%), Brazil (18%), India Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, (15%) and Türkiye (17%). and Sub-Saharan Africa. Southern Asia, Eurasia and Central Asia, and East Asia and the Paci昀椀c have maintained stability in women’s representation Global Gender Gap Report 2023 53

FIGURE 2.20 Women's representation in parliament (weighted by population), by region, 2013-2022 40 Eurasia and Central Asia East Asia and the Pacific Europe 30 e (%) Shar20 10 2013 2022 2013 2022 2013 2022 40 Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America 30 20 10 2013 2022 2013 2022 2013 2022 40 Southern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 30 20 10 2013 2022 2013 2022 Source World Economic Forum’s calculations based on data from Inter-Parliamentary Union and World Population Prospects data. Local governance the forefront, women contribute to creating more equitable and responsive local communities. Women’s equal political participation at all levels Data reveals that signi昀椀cant strides have been of government is recognized in international made in terms of women’s representation in local frameworks such as the Beijing Declaration and government globally, though disparities remain Platform for Action and the 2030 Agenda for between countries and regions. Out of the 117 29 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Traditional countries with available data since 2017, only 18 efforts to promote gender equality in politics have countries, including Bolivia (50.4%), India (44.4%) primarily focused on national parliaments. However, and France (42.3%), have achieved representation the SDGs have introduced a new indicator that of women of over 40% in local governance. On the emphasizes women’s political representation in local other hand, 24 economies, mostly in the Middle decision-making positions. This expansion enables East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa, such a broader understanding of the opportunities and as Saudi Arabia (1.2%), Ghana (3.8%), Türkiye challenges for leveraging women’s contributions to (10.1%) and Japan (14.31%), have below 15% local decision-making. representation. The remaining 75 economies fall within the 15%-30% range, including diverse Research indicates that women in local decision- nations such as Brazil (15.7%), Indonesia (15.7%), making positions play a crucial role in rede昀椀ning China (28.1%), Ireland (23.9%), Germany (30.3%) local priorities. They bring a unique perspective to and the United Kingdom (35.3%). governance, emphasizing inclusivity, prioritizing family-friendly policies, and promoting gender Overall, almost 3 million women have been elected equality in areas such as income, employment to local deliberative bodies in 136 countries. 28 and parental leave. By bringing these issues to Encouragingly, 85 countries have introduced Global Gender Gap Report 2023 54

legislated gender quotas for local elections, with members in local government worldwide, only 2.18 66 countries legislating candidate quotas and 19 million (36%) are women. Although this is a higher reserving seats for women.30 percentage of women’s representation than in national parliaments (25%), achieving gender parity However, despite these positive developments, as in local governance remains an urgent priority. of January 2020, out of the 6.02 million elected 2.7 DEI programmes to close gender gaps In the private sector, the scope of gender parity the workplace, companies have intensi昀椀ed efforts action by pioneering 昀椀rms has begun to broaden to provide more 昀氀exibility – although the overall from a focus on the workforce to whole-of-business impact on outcomes such as career progression approaches encompassing inclusive design, is currently an open question. Further, a growing inclusive supply chains and community impact. number of employers are boosting employee Led by an overall post-pandemic recon昀椀guration of bene昀椀ts related to caregiving.31 FIGURE 2.21 Industry investment in DEI targets and quotas Share of organizations surveyed that select targets and quotas as the key component of their DEI programme Non-governmental and 41.2% Membership Organizations Supply Chain and Transportation 37.3% Agriculture and Natural Resources 31.8% Energy and Materials 31.2% Professional Services 29.4% Information Technology and 28.9% Digital Communications Manufacturing 28.8% Accommodation, Food and Leisure 27.3% Financial Services 26.1% Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing 23.5% Health and Healthcare 23.5% Retail and Wholesale of Consumer Goods 21.4% Infrastructure 18% Media, Entertainment and Sports 17.6% Automotive and Aerospace 15.0% Government and Public Sector 15.0% Education and Training 13.0% Real Estate 12.5% 0 10 20 30 40 50 Share (%) Source World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 55

FIGURE 2.22 DEI programmes focusing on women, by industry Share of organizations surveyed that select women as the priority of their DEI programme Energy and Materials 91.1% Agriculture and Natural Resources 90.9% Supply Chain and Transportation 84.6% Financial Services 84.3% Education and training 83.3% Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing 81.8% Retail and Wholesale of Consumer Goods 77.5% Infrastructure 77.1% Manufacturing 7.07% Information Technology and 75.8% Digital Communications Accommodation, Food, and Leisure 75% Professional Services 74.3% Health and Healthcare 73.1% Non-governmental and 72.7% Membership Organisations Government and Public Sector 70.0% Automotive and Aerospace 68.8% Real Estate 61.5% Media, Entertainment and Sports 60.0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Share (%) Source World Economic Forum, Future of Jobs Report 2023. The World Economic Forum’s 2023 Future of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (31.8%); and Jobs Survey suggests that more than two-thirds Energy and Materials (31.2%). The sectors that of the organizations surveyed have implemented have invested the least on DEI targets and quotas a Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) programme. are Education and Training (13%) and Real Estate DEI programmes are one pathway to closing (12.5%). workplace gender gaps and can include mentoring, sponsorship, leadership training, speci昀椀c policies The majority (79%) of companies surveyed are for caregivers or increased 昀氀exibility of working implementing DEI programmes with a focus on arrangements. This can encompass action around women. The survey suggests that those efforts gender parity, racial and ethnic equity, LGBTQI are primarily designed around training, and less so inclusion and inclusion of people with disabilities. around material actions to close gender gaps at DEI efforts, however, vary signi昀椀cantly across both industry and economy level. industries. The sectors that have invested the most in promoting a more inclusive workforce, with at The industries which focus the highest percentage least 30% of companies reporting DEI initiatives, are of their DEI activity on gender parity issues, and Nongovernmental and Membership Organizations where female workers are typically scarce at (41.2%); Supply Chain and Transportation (37.3%); all levels of seniority, are Energy and Materials Global Gender Gap Report 2023 56

(91.1%); Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing United Kingdom, DEI programmes tend to prioritize (90.9%); and Supply Chain and Transportation 昀氀exibility on degree requirements for roles and (84.6%) – alongside sectors with a relatively recruitment, as well as on Employment Resource better representation of women, such as Financial Groups (ERGs). Services (84.3%); Education and Training (83.3%); and Care, Personal Services and Wellbeing (81.8%). The existence of DEI programmes alone is not The sectors that place lower emphasis on gender enough for meaningful progress. A recent study parity in their overall DEI efforts are Real Estate identi昀椀ed 昀椀ve success factors that DEI initiatives (61.5%) and Media, Entertainment and Sports with the highest impact for underrepresented 32 (60%). groups had in common. These are (1) a nuanced understanding of the root causes of There is further signi昀椀cant cross-national variation underrepresentation; (2) a meaningful de昀椀nition of in DEI efforts promoting gender inclusion in the success; (3) accountable and invested business workplace. According to the Future of Jobs Survey, leaders; (4) a solution designed for its speci昀椀c the countries where companies are particularly context; and (5) rigorous tracking and course committed to establishing a more gender-diverse correction. These factors must further be re昀椀ned workforce are Colombia, the Netherlands, Italy, and customized across industries and regional United Kingdom and Canada. In Colombia and the contexts. 2.8 Putting gender parity at the heart of economic recovery and transformation The 2022 edition of the Global Gender Gap Report And at an economy-wide level, gender parity is called attention to a post-pandemic crisis in the increasingly being recognized as critical for 昀椀nancial workforce: gender parity across key indicators stability and economic performance.34 was slipping, implying large-scale disruption of economic opportunities for women worldwide in Collective, coordinated and bold action by private- labour-market participation, in skilling, in wealth and public-sector leaders will be instrumental in 33 accumulation and in overall wellbeing. The accelerating progress towards gender parity and recovery from the shock and ensuing polycrisis igniting renewed growth and greater resilience. has been slow and, so far, incomplete, and the Beyond leadership representation, companies can current context, coupled with technological and engage in strategies to transform organizational climate change, risks causing further regression in culture, and design products and services to serve women’s economic empowerment. Not only are a broader range of consumers by making innovation millions of women and girls losing out on economic processes more inclusive. Impactful initiatives are access and opportunity, but these reversals also emerging at the frontier of business strategy and have wide-ranging consequences for the global government policy, yet adoption beyond the frontier economy. too often remains on the surface, is incomplete or altogether deprioritized. Government policy can Following a series of gradual but steady increases be better designed to increase women’s labour- in the share of women in leadership roles over force participation, wages, and 昀椀nancial and the past two decades, this share has edged up technology access, and improve care systems and to, on average, 33.7% in 2023 from 33.4% in representation in public-sector leadership. 2022 across public- and private-sector leadership roles. However, high-frequency data presented in Some governments are taking an equity and the report shows that hiring rates for women into inclusion lens to economic policy-making, with leadership positions across industries have been in recent gender mainstreaming efforts explicitly decline since mid-2022. recognizing gender parity as critical to economic growth and 昀椀nancial stability. A number of Increasing women’s economic participation and governments are implementing more gender equal achieving gender parity in leadership, in both approaches to increasing labour force participation, business and government, are two key levers for pay equity and health and safety standards, addressing broader gender gaps in households, preventing harassment and sexual violence at work. societies and economies. In addition, there are At the federal government level, progress can be multiple mechanisms that link gender parity with enabled through gender-responsive budgeting 昀椀rm-level and economic performance: a robust which has in recent years been pioneered and gender strategy is increasingly seen as essential expanded by a growing number of countries, to attracting the best talent and ensuring long-run including Sweden, India and Kenya. Further, economic performance, resilience and survival. governments are increasingly recognizing the Evidence on diversity in decision making shows that importance of investing in the care economy and a diverse group of leaders makes more fact-based taking steps to support it. They are implementing decisions that result in higher quality outcomes. policies such as expanding access to affordable Global Gender Gap Report 2023 57

childcare, improving parental leave policies, and investing in healthcare and eldercare services to promote the wellbeing of individuals and the overall economy. Ongoing efforts are a step in the right direction yet will need signi昀椀cant scaling to overcome existing gender gaps in economic participation. Recent years have seen major setbacks and the state of gender parity still varies widely by company, industry and economy. Yet, a growing number of actors have recognized the importance and urgency of taking action and evidence on effective gender parity initiatives is solidifying. We hope the data and analysis provided in this report can further accelerate the speed of travel towards parity by catalysing and informing action by public- and private-sector leaders in their efforts to close the global gender gap. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 58

Endnotes 1. IMF, 2023. 2. Kose, et al., 2023. 3. IMF, 2022b. 4. ILO, 2023a. 5. Authors’ calculations based on ILO modelled estimates on labour-force participation rate (accessed 31 March 2023). 6. ILO, 2022. 7. Ibid. 8. ILO, 2023b. 9. Ibid. 10. ILO, 2023c. 11. See also Lara, et al., 2023. 12. ILO, 2023b. 13. LinkedIn categorizes a Director-level individual as one who is an experienced manager with direct reports and leadership responsibilities for multiple groups of individuals. 14. LinkedIn categorizes a Vice-President-level individual as someone who has direct reports and leadership responsibilities for a major portion of a business function. 15. LinkedIn categorizes a C-Suite-level individual as someone who has direct reports and leadership responsibilities for the entire business function. 16. Baird, Ghalawat, et al. (2023) presents the methodology for classifying STEM. Baird, Ko, et al (2023) present measurements for the United States and discussion around some of the metrics presented in this report. 17. The “AI talent concentration” metric is determined by comparing the number of AI professionals to the total number of LinkedIn members worldwide. An individual is considered AI talent if they have explicitly listed AI skills on their pro昀椀le and/ or works in a job classi昀椀ed as an AI occupation. The concentration of AI talent is then calculated by taking the ratio of the number of AI talent by the number of LinkedIn members in that industry. 18. Goldin, 2022. 19. ILO, 2018. 20. For example, see UNESCO CONFINTEA VII Marrakech Framework for Action: Harnessing the transformational power of Adult Learning and Education, 2022, https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/昀椀les/medias/昀椀chiers/2022/06/FINAL%20 MarrakechFrameworkForActionEN_06_21_22_0.pdf 21. Plan International, 2023. 22. The level of progress toward gender parity (the parity score) is calculated as the ratio of the value of each indicator for women to the value for men. A parity score of 100% indicates full parity. 23. The gender gap is the distance from full parity. 24. World Economic Forum, 2023b. 25. EIGE, 2017. 26. Fialho, et al., 2019. 27. World Economic Forum, 2023b. 28. UN Women, 2022a. 29. UN Women, 2022b. 30. Ibid. 31. Care.com, 2023. 32. World Economic Forum, 2023a. 33. World Economic Forum, 2022. 34. IMF, 2022a. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 59

References Addati, Laura, Umberto Cattaneo and Emanuela dgreports/-- stat/documents/publication/ Pozzan, Care at work: Investing in care leave wcms_870519.pdf. and services for a more gender equal world of work, International Labour Organization ————, World Economic and Social Outlook, 2023c. (ILO), 2022. International Monetary Fund (IMF), IMF Strategy Baird, M., N. Gahlawat, R. Hood, P. Ko and Toward Mainstreaming Gender, 2022a, S. Lara, “LinkedIn STEM Classi昀椀cation https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy- Methodology”, LinkedIn Economic Papers/Issues/2022/07/28/IMF-Strategy- Graph Technical Note #1, 2023, https:// Toward-Mainstreaming-Gender-521344. economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/ me/economicgraph/en-us/PDF/measuring- ————, World Economic Outlook, October 2022, gender-gaps-in-the-us-stem-workforce.pdf 2022b, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WEO/Issues/2022/10/11/world-economic- Baird, M., P. Ko, N. Gahlawat, S. Lara and R. outlook-october-2022. Hood, “Measuring gender gaps in the U.S. STEM workforce”, LinkedIn Economic ————, World Economic Outlook, April 2023, Graph White Paper, 2023, https:// 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/ WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world-economic- me/economicgraph/en-us/PDF/measuring- outlook-april-2023. gender-gaps-in-the-us-stem-workforce.pdf Kose, M. Ayhan and Franziska Ohnsorge, Falling Care.com, Future of Bene昀椀ts Report 2023, 2023. Long-Term Growth Prospects: Trends, Expectations, and Policies, World Bank, European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), 2023, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/39497 Gender segregation in education, training and License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. the labour market, 2017. Lara, Silvia, M. Baird, and R. Hood, Progress and Fialho, P., G. Quintini and M. Vandeweyer, Returns barriers in global gender leadership, LinkedIn to different forms of job related training: Economic Graph White Paper. https:// Factoring in informal learning, OECD Social, economicgraph.linkedin.com/content/dam/ Employment and Migration Working me/economicgraph/en-us/PDF/global- Papers, no. 231, OECD, 2019. https://doi. gender-representation.pdf, 2023. org/10.1787/b21807e9-en. Plan International, Bridging the Digital Divide, Goldin, C., “Understanding the Economic Impact 2023, https://plan-international.org/quality- of COVID-19 on Women”, Brookings Papers education/bridging-the-digital-divide/ on Economic Activity (Spring), pp. 65-110, (accessed on 28 May 2023). 2022, https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/ scholar.harvard.edu/昀椀les/goldin/昀椀les/bpea- UN Women, Women’s representation in local sp22_goldin_paper.pdf. government: A global analysis, 2022a. International Labour Organization (ILO), Assessing ————, Global data on women’s political the current state of the global labour market: participation, 2022b (accessed 2 June Implications for achieving the Global Goals, 2023). ILOSTAT.ilo.org, 2023a, https://ilostat.ilo. org/assessing-the-current-state-of-the- World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report global-labour-market-implications-for- 2022, 2022. achieving-the-global-goals/. ————, Global Parity Alliance: Diversity, Equity and ————, Financing life-long learning for the future of Inclusion Lighthouses 2023, 2023a, https:// work, 2018, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ www.weforum.org/reports/global-parity- groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/ alliance-diversity-equity-and-inclusion- documents/publication/wcms_646046.pdf. lighthouses-2023. ————, ILO modelled estimates database, ————, Future of Jobs Report 2023, 2023b, https:// ILOSTAT, 2022 (accessed 2 June 2023). www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of- jobs-report-2023/. ————, Spotlight on Work Statistics n°12, March 2023b (White paper), 2023b, https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- Global Gender Gap Report 2023 60

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Appendix A Regional Classi昀椀cations TABLE A.1 Regional classi昀椀cations of the 146 countries included in the 2023 Global Gender Gap Index The following regional classi昀椀cations are used for creating the regional performance tables and 昀椀gures in Chapter 1. Eurasia and Central Asia Europe North America Malta Armenia Montenegro Canada Azerbaijan Netherlands United States of America Belarus North Macedonia Georgia Norway Southern Asia Kazakhstan Poland Kyrgyz Republic Afghanistan Portugal Bangladesh Moldova, Republic of Romania Tajikistan Bhutan Serbia India Türkiye Slovakia Ukraine Iran (Islamic Republic of) Slovenia Maldives Spain Nepal East Asia and the Pacific Sweden Pakistan Australia Switzerland Sri Lanka Brunei Darussalam United Kingdom Cambodia China Sub-Saharan Africa Fiji Latin America and the Caribbean Angola Indonesia Argentina Benin Japan Barbados Botswana Korea, Republic of Belize Burkina Faso Lao PDR Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Burundi Malaysia Brazil Cape Verde Mongolia Chile Cameroon Myanmar Colombia Chad New Zealand Costa Rica Comoros Philippines Dominican Republic Congo, Democratic Republic of the Singapore Ecuador Côte d'Ivoire Thailand El Salvador Eswatini Timor-Leste Guatemala Ethiopia Vanuatu Honduras Gambia (Republic of the) Viet Nam Jamaica Ghana Mexico Guinea Europe Nicaragua Kenya Panama Lesotho Albania Paraguay Liberia Austria Peru Madagascar Belgium Suriname Malawi Bosnia and Herzegovina Uruguay Mali Bulgaria Mauritius Croatia* Mozambique Cyprus Namibia Czechia Middle East and North Africa Niger Denmark Algeria Nigeria Estonia Bahrain Rwanda Finland Egypt Senegal France Israel Sierra Leone Germany Jordan South Africa Greece Kuwait Tanzania, United Republic of Hungary Lebanon Togo Iceland Morocco Uganda Ireland Oman Zambia Italy Qatar Zimbabwe Latvia Saudi Arabia Lithuania Tunisia Luxembourg United Arab Emirates *New to index in 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 61

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Appendix B Data and methodology Section A: Computation of resources. Thus, in the case of education, for and composition of example, the index penalizes or rewards countries based on the size of the gap between male and the Global Gender Gap female enrolment rates, but not for the overall levels of education in the country. Index Outcomes versus inputs The second basic concept underlying the Global The methodology of the index has remained stable Gender Gap Index is that it evaluates countries since its original conception in 2006, providing based on outcomes rather than inputs or means. a basis for robust cross-country and time-series Our aim is to provide a snapshot of where men and analysis. This year’s edition introduces a minor women stand with regard to some fundamental but required update to one indicator under the outcome indicators related to basic rights such Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex as health, education, economic participation and and sees an updated de昀椀nition by the collecting political empowerment. Indicators related to country institution for one indicator under the Political speci昀椀c policies, rights, culture or customs – factors Empowerment subindex. The changes are detailed that we consider “input” or “means” indicators – in Sections c and d. are not included in the index but are discussed further in the analytic sections of this chapter, as Three underlying concepts well as featured in the report’s Economy Pro昀椀les. For example, the index includes an indicator There are three basic concepts underlying the comparing the gap between men and women in Global Gender Gap Index, forming the basis of how high-skilled jobs such as legislators, senior of昀椀cials indicators were chosen, how the data is treated and and managers (an outcome indicator) but does how the scale can be used. First, the index focuses not include data on the length of maternity leave on measuring gaps rather than levels. Second, it (a policy indicator). This approach has contributed captures gaps in outcome variables rather than signi昀椀cantly to the index’s distinctiveness over the gaps in input variables. Third, it ranks countries years and, we believe, continues to provide the according to gender equality rather than women’s most objective basis for discussing underlying empowerment. contextual factors.1 Gaps vs. levels Gender equality vs. women’s empowerment The index is designed to measure gender-based The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender gaps in access to resources and opportunities Gap Index is that it ranks countries according to in countries, rather than the actual levels of their proximity to gender equality rather than to the available resources and opportunities in women’s empowerment. Our aim is to focus on those countries. We do this to disassociate the whether the gap between women and men in the Global Gender Gap Index from countries’ levels chosen indicators has declined, rather than whether of development. In other words, the index is women are winning the so-called “battle of the constructed to rank countries on their gender sexes”. Hence, the index rewards countries that gaps not on their development level. For example, reach the point where outcomes for women equal advanced economies, generally speaking, are able those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes to offer more education and health opportunities cases in which women are outperforming men in to all members of society, although this is quite particular indicators in some countries. Thus, a independent of the gender-related gaps that country that has higher enrolment for girls rather may exist within those higher levels of health than boys in secondary school will score equal to or education. The Global Gender Gap Index a country where boys’ and girls’ enrolment is the rewards countries for smaller gaps in access to same. these resources, regardless of the overall level Global Gender Gap Report 2023 62

TABLE B.1 Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index Subindex Indicator Source Economic Participation Labour-force participation rate International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT database, Labour Force Surveys. and Opportunity Economic Participation Wage equality for similar work World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS). and Opportunity Economic Participation Estimated earned income International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT database; World Population Prospects and Opportunity 2022; World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Economic Participation Legislators, senior officials and managers International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT database. and Opportunity Economic Participation Professional and technical workers International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT database. and Opportunity UNESCO, UIS.Stat Education statistics data portal. When not available, data is sourced Educational Attainment Literacy rate from United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, most recent year available between 2013 and 2023. Educational Attainment Enrolment in primary education UNESCO, UIS.Stat Education statistics data portal. Educational Attainment Enrolment in secondary education UNESCO, UIS.Stat Education statistics data portal. Educational Attainment Enrolment in tertiary education UNESCO, UIS.Stat Education statistics data portal. Health and Survival Sex ratio at birth World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Health and Survival Healthy life expectancy World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Observatory database. Political Empowerment Women in parliament Inter-parliamentary Union. Political Empowerment Women in ministerial positions Inter-parliamentary Union-UN Women. Political Empowerment Years with female/male head of state (last 50) World Economic Forum’s calculations. Source World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Index 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 63

The four subindexes Section B: Construction The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap of the index between men and women across four fundamental categories (subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health The Global Gender Gap Index is constructed and Survival, and Political Empowerment. Table using a four-step process, outlined below. Some B1 displays all four of these subindexes and the of the indicators listed in Table B2 require speci昀椀c 14 indicators that compose them, along with the standardization or modi昀椀cation to be used in the sources of data used for each. index. For further information on the indicator- speci昀椀c calculations, please refer to Section B of Economic Participation and Opportunity this appendix. This subindex contains three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and Step 1. Convert to ratios: the advancement gap. The participation gap is Initially, all data is converted to female-to-male captured using the difference between women ratios. For example, a country with 20% of women and men in labour-force participation rates. The in ministerial positions is assigned a ratio of 20 remuneration gap is captured through a hard data women to 80 men, thus a value of 0.25. This is to indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned ensure that the index is capturing gaps between income)2 and a qualitative indicator gathered women and men’s attainment levels, rather than the through the World Economic Forum’s annual levels themselves. Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar 3 work). Finally, the gap between the advancement Step 2. Data truncation at parity benchmark: of women and men is captured through two hard The ratios obtained above are truncated at the data statistics (the ratio of women to men among “equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except legislators, senior of昀椀cials and managers, and the two health indicators, this equality benchmark the ratio of women to men among technical and is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of professional workers). women and men. In the case of sex ratio at birth, 5 the equality benchmark is set at 0.944, and in Educational Attainment the case of healthy life expectancy the equality This subindex captures the gap between women’s benchmark is set at 1.06 to capture that fact that and men’s current access to education through women tend to naturally live longer than men. the enrolment ratios of women to men in primary-, As such, parity is considered as achieved if, on 6 secondary- and tertiary-level education. A longer- average, women live 昀椀ve years longer than men. term view of the country’s ability to educate women and men in equal numbers is captured Truncating the data at the equality benchmarks through the ratio of women’s literacy rate to men’s for each assigns the same score to a country that literacy rate. has reached parity between women and men and one where women have surpassed men. The Health and Survival type of rating scale chosen determines whether This subindex provides an overview of the the index is rewarding women’s empowerment differences between women’s and men’s health or gender equality.7 To capture gender equality, using two indicators. The 昀椀rst is the sex ratio two possible scales were considered. One was at birth, which aims speci昀椀cally to capture the a negative-positive scale capturing the size and phenomenon of “missing women”, prevalent in direction of the gender gap. This scale penalizes 4 countries with a strong son preference. Second, either men’s advantage over women or women’s we use the gap between women’s and men’s advantage over men and gives the highest points healthy life expectancy. This measure provides to absolute equality. The second choice was a an estimate of the number of years that women one-sided scale that measures how close women and men can expect to live in good health by are to reaching parity with men but does not reward accounting for the years lost to violence, disease, or penalize countries for having a gender gap in malnutrition and other factors. the other direction. We 昀椀nd the one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes, as it does not Political Empowerment reward countries for having exceeded the parity This subindex measures the gap between men benchmark. However, disparities in either direction and women at the highest level of political are recorded in the Economy Pro昀椀les. decision-making through the ratio of women to men in ministerial positions and the ratio of women Step 3. Calculation of subindex scores: to men in parliamentary positions. In addition, Each of the four subindexes is computed as the the index includes the ratio of women to men in weighted average of the underlying individual terms of years in executive of昀椀ce (prime minister indicators. Averaging the different indicators would or president) for the last 50 years. Differences implicitly give more weight to the measure that between the participation of women and men exhibits the largest variability or standard deviation. at local levels of government are currently not We therefore 昀椀rst normalize the indicators by captured. Should such data become available at a equalizing their standard deviations. For example, globally comparative level in future years, it will be within the Educational Attainment subindex, considered for inclusion in the index. standard deviations for each of the four indicators Global Gender Gap Report 2023 64

TABLE B.2 Calculation of weights within each subindex Economic Participation and Opportunity Ratio Standard deviation Standard deviation Weight per 1% point change Labour-force participation rate, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.160 0.063 0.199 Wage equality for similar work (survey), 1-7 scale (females-to-males ratio) 0.103 0.097 0.310 Estimated earned income, PPP, int.$ (females-to-males ratio) 0.144 0.069 0.221 Legislators, senior officials and managers, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.214 0.047 0.149 Professional and technical workers, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.262 0.038 0.121 Educational Attainment Ratio Standard deviation Standard deviation Weight per 1% point change Literacy rate, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.145 0.069 0.191 Enrolment in primary education, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.060 0.167 0.459 Enrolment in secondary education, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.120 0.083 0.230 Enrolment in tertiary education, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.228 0.044 0.121 Health and Survival Ratio Standard deviation Standard deviation Weight per 1% point change Sex ratio at birth, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.010 0.998 0.693 Healthy life expectancy, years (females-to-males ratio) 0.023 0.441 0.307 Political Empowerment Ratio Standard deviation Standard deviation Weight per 1% point change Women in parliament, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.166 0.06 0.31 Women in ministerial positions, % (females-to-males ratio) 0.208 0.048 0.247 Years with female head of state (last 50), Share of tenure years (females-to-males ratio) 0.116 0.086 0.443 Note Population-weighted averages, including the 102 economies featured throughout all the 2006- 2023 editions of the Global Gender Gap Index. are calculated. Then we determine what a 1 larger weight will penalize more heavily those percentage-point change would translate to in countries that deviate from this value. Table B2 8 terms of standard deviations by dividing 0.01 by displays the values of the weights used. the standard deviation for each indicator. These four values are then used as weights to calculate Step 4. Calculation of 昀椀nal scores: the weighted average of the four indicators. This For all subindexes, the highest possible score is way of weighting indicators allows us to make sure 1 (gender parity) and the lowest possible score is 9 that each indicator has the same relative impact 0 (imparity). A simple average of each subindex on the subindex. For example, an indicator with a score is used to calculate the overall Global Gender small variability or standard deviation gets a larger Gap Index score – a 昀椀nal value that, like subindex weight within the subindex than an indicator with a scores, ranges between 1 (parity) and 0 (imparity). larger variability. Therefore, a country with a large The parity and imparity benchmarks have remained gender gap in the 昀椀rst indicator will be more heavily 昀椀xed through report editions to allow for the 10 penalized. Another example is the case of the sex comparison and relative ranking of countries in a ratio at birth indicator (within the Health and Survival given year, and across time. This allows readers to subindex): where most countries have a very high track individual country progress. Furthermore, the sex ratio and the spread of the data is small, the option of roughly interpreting the 昀椀nal index scores Global Gender Gap Report 2023 65

as a percentage value that reveals how a country positions now focuses solely on Cabinet members has reduced its gender gap should help make the who head ministries. Individuals who are not index more intuitively appealing to readers.11 members of the Cabinet and Cabinet members who do not head ministries are excluded from the Section C: Update measurement, starting with this edition. of the labour-force This methodological change allows for a more precise examination of women’s representation participation rate in executive positions by concentrating on top political executive roles. These roles possess indicator two key characteristics: (a) the highest individual policy-making power as leaders of speci昀椀c policy 昀椀elds, and (b) the highest joint executive power as Past editions (2006-2022) of the Global Gender members of the collective decision-making body, Gap Report have used modelled estimates for the i.e. the Cabinet. ‘Labour-force participation rate’ (LFPR) indicator as calculated by the International Labour Organization By re昀椀ning the measurement criteria, the updated (ILO). These estimates are based on both nationally methodology ensures greater consistency and reported observations and imputed data for comparability of data across countries. countries with missing data. The ILO has recently issued guidance against the Section E: Indicator use of modelled estimates in country benchmarking de昀椀nitions and sources 12 efforts. Following consultations with the ILO, the Global Indicators composing the Global Gender Gap Gender Gap Index has responded by adhering to Index ILO guidance. Consequently, this year’s edition no longer employs modelled estimates for the labour- Labour-force participation rate, % force participation rate, and instead uses nationally The labour-force participation rate is the labour reported labour-force data that complies with ILO force as a percentage of the working-age standards and has been validated and reported in population. The labour force is the sum of all ILOSTAT. persons of working age who are employed and those who are actively looking for employment. The update has been carried out with a view to maintaining coherence and continuity of the Global Period: 2010 or latest year available. Gender Gap Index methodology, ensuring that Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), conceptual proximity, empirical proximity and ILOSTAT. indicator quality and availability are respected. Section D: Update in Wage equality for similar work, 1–7 (best) the share of women in Response to the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey question, “In your country, for ministerial positions similar work, to what extent are wages for women equal to those of men?” (1 = not at all, signi昀椀cantly indicator below those of men; 7 = fully, equal to those of men). The representation of women in ministerial positions For the past 44 years, the World Economic Forum’s has been included in the Political Empowerment Executive Opinion Survey (referred to as the Survey) pillar of the Global Gender Gap Index since its has played a vital role in 昀氀agship publications of inception in 2006. This indicator is collected on the World Economic Forum, as well as at other a biennial basis, with the most recent collection organizations and research institutions. It stands as occurring in March 2023, at which time the indicator the most comprehensive and enduring survey of de昀椀nition was also updated. its kind, with responses from over 12,000 business leaders across 121 countries in 2022. The Survey Prior to 2023, the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) delves into assessing crucial factors that drive collected the data for this indicator. Beginning in economic growth and competitiveness, including 2023, the data is being collected by UN Women. aspects of diversity, equity and inclusion. The signi昀椀cance of this survey lies in its ability to offer The update to the de昀椀nition has been implemented valuable insights when statistical data is unavailable during the 2023 data collection period as part or is extremely dif昀椀cult to measure on a global scale. of a deliberate effort to enhance the precision of It captures the perspectives of business leaders assessing women’s representation in executive who are best positioned to assess their operating positions. The measurement of women in ministerial environment. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 66

Period: Moving average 2021-2022 or most recent International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Occupations year available (no earlier than 2019-2020). (ISCO-08).14 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS). Period: 2022 or most recent year available. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Estimated earned income, int’l $1,000s The estimated female earned income is a proxy for how much command women have over a Professional and technical workers, % country’s economic resources. For each country, Ratio of women to men employed in professional it is computed using female and male shares of and technical roles, de昀椀ned by the ILO as those the economically active population, the ratio of the who increase the existing stock of knowledge, female to male wages (both indicators are sourced apply scienti昀椀c or artistic concepts and theories from the ILO), gross domestic product valued or those who perform technical and related tasks at constant 2017 international dollars (IMF), and that require advanced knowledge and skill. It female and male shares of population (World Bank). corresponds to the sum of Major Groups 2 and The methodology used to compute this indicator 3 of the International Standard Classi昀椀cation of is adapted from the methodology developed by Occupations (ISCO-08). the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report Of昀椀ce for computing Period: 2022 or most recent year available. the Gender Development Index (UNDP, 2021-2022, Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), 13 pages 6-7). Female and male wage measures ILOSTAT. used in the computation of the gender wage ratio correspond to the mean nominal monthly earnings of female and male employees, respectively. In the absence of wage data, a gender wage ratio of Literacy rate, % 0.75 is used in the computation of the wage bill. Percentage of the adult population (women and ILO’s measure of earning corresponds to the mean men over 15 years of age) with the ability to of monthly earnings of all employees in nominal both read and write and make simple arithmetic terms. The earnings of employees relate to the calculations. For advanced economies for which gross remuneration in cash and in kind paid to data was unavailable in the last 10 years, the employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time authors assumed based on older data that the worked or work done together with remuneration gender gap on literacy rate is closed. for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings Period: 2021 or most recent year available. exclude employers’ contributions with respect to Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics employees’ social security and pension schemes data portal; when not available, data is sourced and also the bene昀椀ts received by employees under from the UNDP Human Development Reports, most these schemes. Earnings also exclude severance recent data available. and termination pay. Statistics of earnings relate to the gross remuneration of employees, i.e. the total before any deductions are made by the employer. The measurement period of this indicator Enrolment in primary education, % corresponds to that of the wage data. In the Percentage of girls and boys in the of昀椀cial primary Economy Pro昀椀les, values reported are the estimated school age range (Net Enrolment rate in Primary average annual earned income per capita in education) who are enrolled in primary education constant 2017 international dollars for women and (International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Education 15 men, respectively, and the ratio of the two values. [ISCED] 1). Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics ILOSTAT; International Monetary Fund (IMF), World data portal. Economic Outlook; World Bank, World Development Indicators. Enrolment in secondary education, % Based on Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER). Measures Legislators, senior of昀椀cials and managers, % the percentage of girls and boys enrolled in Ratio of women to men employed in senior roles, secondary education, regardless of age, expressed de昀椀ned by the ILO as those who plan, direct, as a percentage of the of昀椀cial school-age coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of population corresponding to secondary education. enterprises, governments and other organizations, A high GER generally indicates a high degree of or of organizational units within them, and participation, whether the pupils belong to the formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and of昀椀cial age group or not. A GER value approaching regulations. It corresponds to Major Group 1 of the or exceeding 100% indicates that a country is, in Global Gender Gap Report 2023 67

principle, able to accommodate all of its school-age portfolio may occur. IPU-UN Women does not population, but it does not indicate the proportion provide information for two of the 146 countries already enrolled. The achievement of a GER of (Myanmar and Afghanistan) included in the sample. 100% is therefore a necessary but not suf昀椀cient We consider the share of women holding cabinet condition for enrolling all eligible children in school. positions in these two contexts to be zero. Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Period: Data as of 1 January 2023. Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics Source: Inter-parliamentary Union-UN Women. data portal. Years with female/male head of state (last 50) Enrolment in tertiary education, % The number of years in the past 昀椀fty-year period for Total enrolment in tertiary education (gross rate), which a woman has held a post equivalent to an regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of elected head of state or head of government in the the most recent 昀椀ve-year age cohort that has left country. It takes into account prime ministers and/ secondary school. Tertiary education consists of or presidents. Royalties are not considered. ISCED levels 5 to 8, and gross enrolment data should be examined within the context of a country Period: 1 March 1973 – 1 March 2023. structure regarding military service as well as Source: World Economic Forum’s calculations. propensity of students to seek education abroad. Period: 2021 or most recent year available. Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat education statistics Contextual Indicators data portal. General indicators GDP, current US$ billions Sex ratio at birth, % Gross domestic product (GDP) at purchaser’s Sex ratio at birth refers to male births per female prices is the sum of gross value added by all births. The data represents 昀椀ve-year averages. resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included Period: 2020 or most recent year available. in the value of the products. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Period: 2021 or most recent year. Source: World Bank. Healthy life expectancy, years Average number of years that a person of each GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 gender can expect to live in full health, calculated international $) by taking into account years lived in less than full Per capita value for gross domestic product (GDP) health due to disease and/or injury. expressed in current international dollars converted by purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor. Period: 2019 or most recent year available. Source: World Health Organization (WHO), Global Period: 2021 or most recent year. Health Observatory data repository. Source: World Bank. Women in parliament, % Total population, million people Percentage of women holding parliamentary seats Estimate of the number of people of all ages living as a share of total parliamentary seats. In instances in a country, regardless of residency status or where a parliamentary system is bicameral, the citizenship (except for refugees not permanently 昀椀gure used is the one for the lower house. settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of their country of Period: Data as of 1 February 2023. origin). Source: Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU). Period: 2022. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Women in ministerial positions, % Population Prospects. Percentage of women holding ministerial portfolios as a share of total ministry positions in each government. Some overlap between ministers and heads of government that also hold a ministerial Global Gender Gap Report 2023 68

Population sex ratio (female/male), % dam/enterprisesurveys/documents/methodology/ Ratio of the number of females (thousands) to Indicator-Descriptions.pdf. males (thousands) in the population of a society. World Bank staff estimates based on age/sex Period: 2022 or most recent year. distributions of United Nations Population Division’s Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey. World Population Prospects. Period: 2021. Source: World Bank. Firms with female top managers, % Percentage of 昀椀rms in the private sector who have females as top managers. “Top manager” refers to the highest-ranking manager or CEO of the Population growth rate, % establishment. This person may be the owner if he/ Year-on-year percentage change in total population, she works as the manager of the 昀椀rm. The results calculated based on current and previous year. are based on surveys of more than 100,000 private Population is based on the de facto de昀椀nition of 昀椀rms. population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. Period: 2021 or most recent year. Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey. Period: 2021. Source: World Bank. Share of workers in informal sector, % Ratio of employment of women/men in the informal Work participation & leadership sector to the total employment (irrespective of the informality/formality) of women/ men. Employment Gender wage gap in the informal sector refers all persons who, during The gender wage gap is de昀椀ned as the difference a given reference period, were employed in at between male and female median wages divided least one informal sector enterprise, irrespective by male median wages. Wages are computed for of their status in employment and whether it was full-time equivalent dependent employees and are their main or a secondary job. An informal sector expressed in US$ using current exchange rates enterprise is (1) an unincorporated enterprise, (2) a and US$ Purchasing Power Parity rates (PPPs) for market enterprise (i.e. it sells at least some of the private consumption expenditures as conversion goods or services it produces), and (3) meets at factors. For more details about the computation least one of the following criteria: (i) the enterprise of wage estimates, refer to https://data.oecd.org/ is not registered, (ii) the employees of the enterprise earnwage/average-wages.htm. are not registered, or (iii) the number of persons engaged on a continuous basis is below a threshold Period: 2021 or most recent year. determined by the country. Source: OECD, Employment database. Period: 2022 or most recent year. Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Share of women’s membership on boards, % Share of board members of listed companies that are women. “Board members” refers to all members of the highest decision-making body in the given Advancement of women to leadership roles, 1-7 company, such as the board of directors for a (best) company in a unitary system or the supervisory Response to the survey question, “In your country, board in the case of a company in a two-tier to what extent do companies provide women with system. the same opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership?” 1=not at all; 7=to a great extent. Period: 2021. Source: OECD, Employment database. Period: 2022 or most recent year. Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS). Firms with female majority ownership, % Percentage of 昀椀rms answering, “More than 50%” to the question, “What percentage of the 昀椀rm Labour force, 1 million people (%) is owned by females?”. For African countries Total number of people (M/F) participating in the surveyed in 2009–2011, this indicator is the labour force. The ratio is the percentage of women percentage of companies answering, “Majority participating in the labour force with respect to the are women” or “All women” to the question, “Are total labour force. the owners of the 昀椀rm?”. For more details refer to: https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/content/ Period: 2022 or most recent year. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 69

Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), rights to open a bank account and obtain credit at ILOSTAT. a formal 昀椀nancial institution to women and men, without legal exceptions regarding some groups of women. However, some customary, religious or traditional practices or laws discriminate against Unemployed adults, % of labour force women’s legal rights; Uneven rights: Women and Share of the labour force aged 15–64 (M/F) that men have the same rights to open a bank account is without work but available for and seeking and obtain credit at a formal 昀椀nancial institution to employment. De昀椀nitions of labour force and women and men. However, this does not apply to unemployment differ by country. all groups of women; Restricted rights: Women and men have the same rights to open a bank account Period: 2022 or most recent year. at a formal 昀椀nancial institution. However, women do Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), not have the same rights as men to obtain credit; ILOSTAT. Unequal rights: Women do not have the same rights as men to open a bank account at a formal 昀椀nancial institution. Share of workers employed part-time, % Period: 2019. The incidence of part-time employment, also known Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and as the part-time employment rate, represents Development Database (GID-DB). the percentage of employment that is part time. Part-time employment in this table is based on a common de昀椀nition of less than 35 actual weekly hours worked. It is derived from both the indicator Inheritance for widows & daughters on employment by sex and actual weekly hours Index measuring whether women and men have worked. the same legal rights to inheritance of land and non-land assets. For each case, the OECD Period: 2022 or most recent year. numerical scores have been translated as: Equal Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), rights: Widows and daughters enjoy the same ILOSTAT. rights as widowers and sons to inherit land and non-land assets. This applies to all groups of women. Customary, religious and traditional laws or practices do not discriminate against women’s Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic inheritance rights; Near-equal rights: Widows and and care work, by sex, age and location, % daughters enjoy the same rights as widowers and Monitors the average time men and women sons to inherit land and non-land assets. This spend on unpaid domestic and care work per applies to all groups of women. However, there are day. Data is expressed as a proportion of time some customary, religious or traditional laws that in a day. Domestic and care work includes food discriminate against women’s inheritance rights; preparation, dishwashing, cleaning and upkeep of Uneven rights: Widows and daughters enjoy the a dwelling, laundry, ironing, gardening, caring for same rights as widowers and sons to inherit land pets, shopping, installation, servicing and repair of and non-land assets. However, this does not apply personal and household goods, childcare, and care to all groups of women; Restricted rights: Widows of the sick, elderly or disabled household members, or daughters do not enjoy the same rights as among others. widowers and sons to inherit land and/or non-land assets; Unequal rights: Widows and daughters do Period: 2020 or most recent year. not enjoy the same rights as widowers and sons to Source: United Nations, Department of Economic inherit land and/or non-land assets. and Social Affairs. Period: 2019. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB). Access to 昀椀nance Access to 昀椀nancial services Measures whether women and men have the same Access to land assets legal rights to open a bank account and obtain Index measuring whether women and men have credit at a formal 昀椀nancial institution. For each case, the same legal rights and secure access to land the OECD numerical scores have been translated assets. For each case, the OECD numerical scores as: Equal rights: Women and men have the same have been translated as: Equal rights: Women rights to open a bank account and obtain credit at a and men have the same legal rights and secure formal 昀椀nancial institution, without legal exceptions access to land assets, without legal exceptions regarding some groups of women. Customary, regarding some groups of women. Customary, religious and traditional laws or practices do not religious and traditional laws or practices do not discriminate against women’s above legal rights; discriminate against women’s legal rights; Near- Near-equal rights: Women and men have the same equal rights: Women and men have the same legal Global Gender Gap Report 2023 70

rights and secure access to land assets, without over the past 昀椀fty-year period as head of state or legal exceptions regarding some groups of women. head of government in a country. However, some customary, religious or traditional practices or laws discriminate against women’s Period: Data as of 1 March 2023. legal right; Uneven rights: Women and men have Source: World Economic Forum’s calculations. the same legal rights and secure access to land assets. However, this does not apply to all groups of women; Restricted rights: Women and men have the same legal rights to own land assets, but not Access to justice to use, make decisions and/or use land assets as Measures whether women and men have the collateral; Unequal rights: Women do not have the same rights to provide testimony in court, hold same legal rights as men to own land assets. public or political of昀椀ce in the judiciary and sue. For each case, the OECD numerical scores have been Period: 2019. translated as: Equal rights: A woman’s testimony Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and holds the same evidentiary weight as a man’s in all Development Database (GID-DB). types of court cases and women have the same rights as men to sue and to hold public or political of昀椀ce in the judiciary. Customary, religious and traditional laws or practices do not discriminate Access to non-land assets against women’s legal right to sue, to provide Index measuring whether women and men have the testimony in court or to be a judge, advocate or same legal rights and secure access to non-land other court of昀椀cer; Near-equal rights: A woman’s assets. For each case, the OECD numerical scores testimony holds the same evidentiary weight as have been translated as: Equal rights: Women a man’s in all types of court cases and women and men have the same legal rights and secure have the same rights as men to sue and to hold access to non-land assets, without legal exceptions public or political of昀椀ce in the judiciary. Women’s regarding some groups of women. Customary, testimony carries the same evidentiary weight in religious and traditional laws or practices do not customary/religious courts/tribunals. However, discriminate against women’s legal rights; Near- some customary, traditional or religious practices equal rights: Women and men have the same or laws discriminate against women’s legal right to legal rights and secure access to non-land assets, sue, to provide testimony in court or to be a judge, without legal exceptions regarding some groups advocate or other court of昀椀cer; Uneven rights: A of women. However, some customary, religious or woman’s testimony holds the same evidentiary traditional practices or laws discriminate against weight as a man’s in all types of court cases and women’s legal right; Uneven rights: Women and women have the same rights as men to sue. men have the same legal rights and secure access However, women do not have the same right as to non-land assets. However, this does not apply to men to hold public or political of昀椀ce in the judiciary; all groups of women; Restricted rights: Women and Restricted rights: Women and men have the same men have the same legal rights to own non-land rights to sue. However, a woman’s testimony does assets, but not to use, make decisions and/or use not hold the same evidentiary weight as a man’s land assets as collateral; Unequal rights: Women in all types of court cases; Unequal rights: Women do not have the same legal rights as men to own and men do not have the same rights to sue. non-land assets. Period: 2019. Period: 2019. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB). Development Database (GID-DB). Freedom of movement Civil and political freedom Measures whether women and men have the same rights to apply for national identity cards (if Year women received right to vote applicable) and passports and travel outside the Refers to the year in which the right to vote or stand country. For each case, the OECD numerical scores for election on a universal and equal basis was have been translated as: Equal rights: Women and recognized. Where two years are shown, the 昀椀rst men have the same rights to apply for national refers to the 昀椀rst partial recognition of the right to identity cards (if applicable) and passports and to vote or stand for election. travel outside the country, without legal exceptions regarding some groups of women. Customary, Period: 2023. religious and traditional laws or practices do not Source: Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU) Parline. discriminate against these rights: Near-equal rights: Women and men have the same rights to apply for national identity cards (if applicable) and passports and to travel outside the country, Number of female heads of state to date without legal exceptions regarding some groups The number of women who have ever taken of昀椀ce of women. However, some customary, traditional Global Gender Gap Report 2023 71

or religious practices or laws discriminate against Unmet family planning these rights; Uneven rights: Women and men have Unmet need for family planning is de昀椀ned as the same rights to apply for national identity cards (if the percentage of women ages 15-49 who do applicable) and passports and to travel outside the not want to become pregnant but are not using country. However, this does not apply to all groups contraception. of women; Restricted rights: Women do not have the same rights as men to apply for national identity Period: 2021 or latest year available. cards (if applicable) or passports or to travel outside Source: USAID Demographic and Health Surveys the country; Unequal rights: Women do not have Program. the same rights as men to apply for national identity cards (if applicable) or passports and to travel outside the country. Early marriage, % Period: 2019. Percentage of girls aged 15–19 years who are or Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and have ever been married, divorced, widowed or in an Development Database (GID-DB). informal union. Period: 2019. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Election list quotas for women, national (yes/ Development Database (GID-DB). no) Reports if a country has in place electoral laws specifying quotas for female candidates in national elections to the lower parliamentary house. Mean age of women at birth of 昀椀rst child The mean age of mothers at 昀椀rst child’s birth is Period: Data as of 1 March 2023. de昀椀ned as the average completed year of age of Source: Institute for Democracy and Electoral women when their 昀椀rst child is born. Assistance (IDEA), Gender Quotas Database. Period: 2020 or most recent year. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Party membership quotas, voluntary, (yes/no) Population Prospects 2022. Reports if a country has in place voluntary quotas specifying the number of women for political party membership. Right to divorce Period: Data as of 1 March 2023. Index measuring whether women and men have Source: IDEA, Gender Quotas Database. the same legal rights to initiate divorce and have the same requirements for divorce or annulment. For each case, the OECD numerical scores have been translated as: Equal rights = Women have Seats held in upper house, % of total seats the same rights to initiate divorce and the same Percentage of women holding seats in the higher requirements to 昀椀nalize divorce or annulment as house of representatives as a share of total seats. men, without negative repercussions from their Applies only to bicameral parliamentary systems. parental authority. This applies to all groups of women. Customary, religious and traditional laws Period: 2023. or practices do not discriminate against women’s Source: Inter-parliamentary Union (IPU). rights regarding divorce or parental authority after divorce; Near equal rights = Women have the same rights to initiate divorce and the same requirements to 昀椀nalize divorce or annulment as men, without Family and care negative repercussions from their parental authority. This applies to all groups of women. However, there Public spending on family bene昀椀ts, % of GDP are some customary, religious or traditional laws or Public spending on family bene昀椀ts includes 昀椀nancial practices that discriminate against women’s rights support that is exclusively for families and children. regarding divorce and/or parental authority after Spending recorded in other social policy areas such divorce; Uneven rights = Women have the same as health and housing may also assist families, but rights to initiate divorce and the same requirements not exclusively, and is not included in the indicator. to 昀椀nalize divorce or annulment as men, without negative repercussions from their parental authority. Period: 2021 or latest year available. However, this does not apply to all groups of Source: OECD, Family database. women; Restricted rights = Women do not have the same rights over divorce as men: either their rights to initiate divorce and/ or the requirements to 昀椀nalize divorce or annulment are unequal, or their freedom from parental authority after divorce is restricted; Global Gender Gap Report 2023 72

Unequal rights = Women do not have the same Source: UNESCO, Education database. rights over divorce as men: their rights to initiate divorce and/or the requirements to 昀椀nalize divorce or annulment are unequal, and their freedom from parental authority after divorce is restricted. Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction graduates, % Period: 2019. Percentage of male/female tertiary education Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and graduates from Engineering, Manufacturing & Development Database (GID-DB). Construction programmes. Period: 2019 or most recent year. Source: UNESCO, Education database. Length of paid parental leave, calendar days Parental leave refers to leave available equally to parents – regardless of gender – for the purpose of childcare immediately following maternity Health & Welfare graduates, % and paternity leave OR instead of maternity and Percentage of male/female tertiary education paternity leave. Where the paid leave period is graduates from Health and Welfare programmes. available only by sex, it is indicated under “female” or “male”. Where the leave period can be shared Period: 2019 or most recent year. amongst the parents as they choose, the length of Source: UNESCO, Education database. the paid leave period is indicated under “Value”. Period: 2022. Source: World Bank, Women, Business and the Information and Communication Technologies Law Database. graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education graduates from Information and Communication Technologies programmes. Education and skills Period: 2019 or most recent year. Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary Source: UNESCO, Education database. graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education graduates from Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary programmes. Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics graduates, % Period: 2019 or most recent year. Percentage of male/female tertiary education Source: UNESCO, Education database. graduates from Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics programmes. Period: 2019 or most recent year. Arts & Humanities graduates, % Source: UNESCO, Education database. Percentage of male/female tertiary education graduates from Arts & Humanities programmes. Period: 2019 or most recent year. Social Science, Journalism and Information Source: UNESCO, Education database. graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education graduates from Social Science & Journalism programmes. Business, Administration and Law graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education Period: 2019 or most recent year. graduates from Business, Administration and Law Source: UNESCO, Education database. programmes. Period: 2019 or most recent year. Source: UNESCO, Education database. STEM graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education graduates from STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) programmes. Education graduates, % Percentage of male/female tertiary education Period: 2019 or most recent year. graduates from Education programmes. Source: UNESCO, Education indicators. Period: 2019 or most recent year. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 73

Vocational training, % attainment Maternal mortality ratio Percentage of 15–24-year-old girls/ boys enrolled Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. in vocational education to the total 15–24-year-old population. Period: 2017. Source: UNICEF. Period: 2022 or most recent year. Source: UNESCO, Education database. Total fertility rate, births per woman Measures the average number of children a PhD graduates, % attainment hypothetical cohort of women would have at the Percentage of 25+ year-old women/men who have end of their reproductive period if they were subject attained a doctoral degree or equivalent (ISCED 8) during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given relative to the total population of over-25-year-olds. period and if they were not subject to mortality. Period: 2021 or most recent year. Period: 2020 or most recent year. Source: UNESCO, Education database. Source: World Bank. Tertiary education graduates, % Reproductive autonomy Percentage of male/female tertiary education Index measuring whether the legal framework graduates. protects women’s reproductive health and rights. For each case, the following scores are assigned: Period: 2022 or most recent year. 0 = The legal framework protects women’s Source: UNESCO, Education database. reproductive health and rights in case of unwanted pregnancy, without any justi昀椀cations; Near-equal rights = The legal framework protects women’s reproductive health and rights in case of unwanted Health pregnancy, but requires justi昀椀cations; Uneven rights = The legal framework only protects women’s Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime, % reproductive health and rights in case of unwanted women pregnancy with some justi昀椀cations; Restricted Percentage of ever-partnered women who ever rights = The legal framework only protects women’s suffered intimate partner physical and/or sexual reproductive health and rights in case of unwanted violence. pregnancy with strict justi昀椀cations; Unequal rights = The legal framework does not protect women’s Period: 2019. reproductive health and rights in case of unwanted Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and pregnancy. Development Database (GID-DB). Period: 2019. Source: OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB). Births attended by skilled personnel, % live births Share of live births attended by skilled health personnel to total live births in a given year. Period: 2021 or most recent year. Source: UNICEF. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 74

Endnotes 1. See Hausmann, 2016, for further detail. 2. Following a methodology originally developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Global Gender Gap Index estimates the average income earned by women, relative to income earned by men, in a calculation that takes into account a country’s GDP per capita (US$), the share of women and men in the labour force, and their mean nominal wages. To account for globally rising income levels, beginning with 2018’s edition, the report no longer caps the maximum income per capita value considered in the calculation. This follows UNDP’s own adjustment of the methodology and the fact that the $40,000 cap formerly used in previous editions of the Global Gender Gap Index had increasingly lost some of its ability to discern the level of gender-based income disparities among high-income nations such as the Nordics, the United States and the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. For a full overview of the 2016 methodology change, please refer to that report edition’s Appendix D. 3. For more information about the Executive Opinion Survey, see Appendix B. 4. The report utilizes the United Nations Population Division’s World Population Prospects as a source for the sex ratio at birth indicator. Previous editions of the report had utilized data from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook as an alternative data source. 5. This ratio is based on what is considered to be a “normal” sex ratio at birth: 1.06 males for every female born. See Klasen and Wink, 2003. 6. This ratio is based on the standards used in the UNDP’s Gender-Related Development Index, which uses 87.5 years as the maximum age for women and 82.5 years as the maximum age for men. 7. A 昀椀rst attempt to calculate the gender gap was made by the World Economic Forum in 2005; see Lopez-Claros and Zahidi, 2005. The 2005 index, which was attempting to capture women’s empowerment, used a scale in which the highest score was assigned to the country with the biggest gap in favour of women. 8. As in previous editions of the index, weights derived for the 2006 index were used again this year to allow for comparisons over time. They may be revised in future editions to re昀氀ect the evolution of the gender gap over the past decade. 9. Strictly, in the case of the Health and Survival subindex, the highest possible value a country can achieve is 0.9796. However, for purposes of simplicity, we will refer to this value as 1 throughout the chapters and in all tables, 昀椀gures and Country Pro昀椀les. 10. Because of the special equality benchmark value of 0.9796 for the Health and Survival subindex, the equality benchmark for the overall index score is not strictly 1. This value is in fact (1 + 1 + 1 + 0.9796) / 4 = 0.9949. However, for purposes of simplicity, we will refer to the overall equality benchmark as 1 throughout the chapters and in all tables, 昀椀gures and Economy Pro昀椀les. 11. Since the indicators in the subindexes are weighted by the standard deviations, the 昀椀nal scores for the subindexes and the overall index are not a pure measure of the gap vis-à-vis the equality benchmark, and therefore cannot be strictly interpreted as percentage values measuring the closure of the gender gap. However, for ease of interpretation and intuitive appeal, we will be using the percentage concept as a rough interpretation of the 昀椀nal scores. 12. “Impact of the pandemic on ILO modelled estimates and projections”, ILOSTAT Database Description: ILO Modelled Estimates (ILOSTAT database) https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-de昀椀nitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/ 13. UNDP, 2022. 14. International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Occupations (ISCO), https://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/docs/ groupdefn08.pdf. 15. International Standard Classi昀椀cation of Education (ISCED), http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/昀椀les/documents/ international-standard-classi昀椀cation-of-education-isced-2011-en.pdf. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 75

References Hausmann, R., “Learning Without Theory”, Project Syndicate, 30 March 2016, https:// www. project-syndicate.org/commentary/ learning- without-theory-by-ricardohausmann-2016- 03?barrier=accesspaylog. Klasen, S. and C. Wink, “Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate”, Feminist Economics, vol. 9, no. 2–3, 2003, pp. 263–299. Lopez-Claros, A. and S. Zahidi, Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap, World Economic Forum, 2005. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2021-2022, 2022. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 76

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 User’s Guide How to read the Economy Pro昀椀les The Economy Pro昀椀les section of the report presents a two-page pro昀椀le for each of the 146 economies Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition 1 (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) covered by this year’s edition. The 昀椀rst page Angola 0.656 118th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 corresponds to the index results, and the second Angola score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy offers a complementary set of contextual indicators Global Gender Gap Index 0.656 118th 0.638 125th 0.605 and metrics for that economy. Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.605 107th 0.637 99th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.305 0.738 l t i o o P n The Global Gender Gap Report 2023 is 0.738 142nd 0.693 142nd Health and Survival 0.976 44th 0.976 50th complemented by a digital explorer, which provides 0.976 Health Political Empowerment detailed Economy Pro昀椀les of all economies featured 0.305 46th 0.246 59th in the index, as well as a Data Explorer tool enabling 2 Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max the reader to explore 2006-2023 detailed index 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 107th 0.605 - - - 0-100 results, rankings and comparisons by economy, Labour-force participation rate % 3rd 0.956 -3.44 74.72 78.16 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 95th 0.600 - - 0-150 region, indicator and subindex. The Global Gender Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 53rd 0.682 -2.24 4.80 7.04 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 126th 0.181 -69.28 15.36 84.64 0-100 Gap Data Explorer can be found at http://reports. Professional and technical workers % 126th 0.420 -40.86 29.57 70.43 Educational Attainment 142nd 0.738 - - - weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2023. - Literacy rate % 130th 0.755 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 138th 0.643 -22.03 39.74 61.77 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 112th 0.889 -1.25 10.01 11.26 Health and Survival 44th 0.976 - - - - Economy selection Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 56th 1.050 - - Political Empowerment 46th 0.305 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 46th 0.506 -32.80 33.60 66.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 30th 0.600 -25.00 37.50 62.50 0-50 To monitor the state of gender parity across the Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 widest possible range of countries, the index performance for an economy is computed when recent data is available for at least 12 of the 14 indicators composing the index. Obsolescence The second section 2 of each Economy Pro昀椀le varies by indicator; while most data points date provides an overview of each economy’s ranks from the past two years or less, for a few cases, and scores on the four subindexes of the Global up to 10-year-old data points are used for the Gender Gap Index, as well as on the individual calculation. Given the update to the labour-force indicators that compose each subindex. For each participation rate data series introduced this year, of the indicators, column one displays the country’s an allowance is made for this edition to include data rank; column two displays the country’s score; up to 2010 in individual cases for this particular column three locates the country’s score against indicator. the population-weighted global average for that indicator (out of 146 economies); column four displays the gap between the female and male Economy Pro昀椀les value; column 昀椀ve charts the female and male value on a scale, respectively; and, 昀椀nally, column six provides the minimum and maximum value used Each Economy Pro昀椀le is divided into three sections: to scale each indicator in the previous column. Although full-precision values have been used for The 昀椀rst section 1 presents each country’s overall calculating ratios and scores, rounded values to one Global Gender Gap Index rank out of the 146 decimal are displayed to facilitate reading. The “n/a” reviewed countries and its progress, represented on symbol indicates where data is unavailable, and a 0-to-1 scale, towards closing the gender gap and the symbol “-” indicates where the statistic cannot achieving full gender parity (benchmark score of 1). be computed. Economy scores are highlighted by The radar chart on the top left-hand side of each a colour scale – increasing by 20% intervals from Economy Pro昀椀le gives an overview of the country’s light blue (0.0–0.2; worst) to dark blue (0.8–1.0; scores for each of the four subindexes relative to best) – to help the reader visually interpret the index the ideal outcome of full gender parity (score of 1) results. The female-male values and their gaps are and the global average score of all economies in the Index weighted by population across all economies. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 77

color-coded – purple for men and green for women. Data Explorer online features The gap between them is coloured based on which gender has the “lead”, or higher value. To calculate the index, all ratios are truncated at the parity A number of additional features may be accessed in benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible the online Data Explorer (available at http://reports. is 1 – except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944) and weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2023). the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators. The reader has the possibility to switch between Economy Pro昀椀les and interactive index rankings The third section 3 of the Economy Pro昀椀le in a tile, bar chart or world map format by clicking includes contextual indicators, which are not on the corresponding icon option at the top-right incorporated into the calculation of the index but corner of the page 4 . The reader can also explore provide relevant information about gender parity in data from previous editions of the report and see different aspects. These indicators are displayed results by economy income group or by regional separately because data is available for only a grouping by selecting the corresponding option few economies or is not updated regularly. They on the “re昀椀ne by group” drop-down menu on the are in turn organized into seven thematic groups: upper-left corner of the page 5 . a) General indicators; b) Work participation and leadership; c) Access to 昀椀nance; d) Civil and political freedom; e) Family and care; f) Education 5 4 and skills; g) Health. The full de昀椀nitions of all indicators are provided in Appendix B. Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 3 Angola 0.656 118th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Indicator Value Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 67.4 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.91 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 38.00 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 24.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.17 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 18.00 17.59 35.59 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 90.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 28.21 71.79 0.39 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 36.43 63.57 0.57 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.78 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 48.29 51.71 0.93 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.33 16.34 16.34 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.34 28.59 31.52 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 66.83 33.17 2.02 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 37.96 62.04 0.61 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.02 4.77 9.79 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value % women 34.80 Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 49.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 241.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 5.37 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 78

Interactive ranking tables Economy Comparison Tool By clicking on the icon menu at the top-right corner The reader also has the possibility to directly of the Data Explorer 6 , the interactive rankings may compare two countries side-by-side and across be switched between a tile view, which visualizes the time series. The Economy Comparison Tool economies’ overall performance on each subindex 8 can be accessed by 昀椀rst selecting an economy for context; a bar-chart view, which depicts an through the “search” drop-down menu on the top- economy’s performance for the selected indicator left corner of the page, and then selecting a second relative to other economies; and a world-map view, economy from the “compare with” drop-down which allows the reader to explore geographical menu on the top right corner of the explorer. This trends and patterns. In the map view, countries feature enables a side-by-side view of indicators are highlighted by an extended colour scale to for the selected comparison economy relative to enhance contrast and readability—ranging in 20% the original economy selected in the Economy intervals from light blue (0.0–0.2, worst) to dark Pro昀椀le view of the Data Explorer. The reader may blue (0.8–1.0, best). In addition, the reader has the also select the time period for comparison 9 . The possibility to switch between selected indicators reader may return to the original view by clicking on and across the time series, narrow their selection to the Back-to-Economy menu option at the top-left a speci昀椀c region, or go directly to the results for a corner of the page or may continue exploring the speci昀椀c economy of interest through the drop-down data by clicking through to the other views of the menu strip at the top of the Data Explorer 7 . Data Explorer. 7 6 9 8 7 6 9 9 8 7 6 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 79

Index of Economy Pro昀椀les Country ________________Page Country ________________Page Country ________________Page Afghanistan _______________ 81 Finland __________________ 179 Netherlands ______________ 277 Albania ___________________ 83 France ___________________ 181 New Zealand _____________ 279 Algeria ____________________ 85 Gambia __________________ 183 Nicaragua ________________ 281 Angola ____________________ 87 Georgia __________________ 185 Niger ____________________ 283 Argentina _________________ 89 Germany _________________ 187 Nigeria ___________________ 285 Armenia __________________ 91 Ghana ___________________ 189 North Macedonia __________ 287 Australia __________________ 93 Greece __________________ 191 Norway __________________ 289 Austria ____________________ 95 Guatemala _______________ 193 Oman ___________________ 291 Azerbaijan _________________ 97 Guinea __________________ 195 Pakistan _________________ 293 Bahrain ___________________ 99 Honduras ________________ 197 Panama _________________ 295 Bangladesh ______________ 101 Hungary _________________ 199 Paraguay ________________ 297 Barbados ________________ 103 Iceland __________________ 201 Peru_____________________ 299 Belarus __________________ 105 India ____________________ 203 Philippines _______________ 301 Belgium __________________ 107 Indonesia ________________ 205 Poland___________________ 303 Belize ___________________ 109 Iran, Islamic Republic of ____ 207 Portugal _________________ 305 Benin ____________________ 111 Ireland ___________________ 209 Qatar ____________________ 307 Bhutan __________________ 113 Israel ____________________ 211 Romania _________________ 309 Bolivia ___________________ 115 Italy _____________________ 213 Rwanda _________________ 311 Bosnia and Herzegovina ____ 117 Jamaica _________________ 215 Saudi Arabia ______________ 313 Botswana ________________ 119 Japan ___________________ 217 Senegal __________________ 315 Brazil ____________________ 121 Jordan ___________________ 219 Serbia ___________________ 317 Brunei Darussalam ________ 123 Kazakhstan ______________ 221 Sierra Leone ______________ 319 Bulgaria __________________ 125 Kenya ___________________ 223 Singapore ________________ 321 Burkina Faso _____________ 127 Korea, Rep. ______________ 225 Slovakia _________________ 323 Burundi __________________ 129 Kuwait ___________________ 227 Slovenia _________________ 325 Cabo Verde ______________ 131 Kyrgyzstan _______________ 229 South Africa ______________ 327 Cambodia ________________ 133 Lao PDR _________________ 231 Spain ____________________ 329 Cameroon _______________ 135 Latvia ___________________ 233 Sri Lanka ________________ 331 Canada __________________ 137 Lebanon _________________ 235 Suriname ________________ 333 Chad ____________________ 139 Lesotho __________________ 237 Sweden _________________ 335 Chile ____________________ 141 Liberia ___________________ 239 Switzerland _______________ 337 China ____________________ 143 Lithuania _________________ 241 Tajikistan _________________ 339 Colombia ________________ 145 Luxembourg ______________ 243 Tanzania _________________ 341 Comoros _________________ 147 Madagascar ______________ 245 Thailand _________________ 343 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the ___ 149 Malawi ___________________ 247 Timor-Leste ______________ 345 Costa Rica _______________ 151 Malaysia _________________ 249 Togo ____________________ 347 Côte d’Ivoire ______________ 153 Maldives _________________ 251 Tunisia ___________________ 349 Croatia __________________ 155 Mali _____________________ 253 Türkiye ___________________ 351 Cyprus __________________ 157 Malta ____________________ 255 Uganda __________________ 353 Czech Republic ___________ 159 Mauritius _________________ 257 Ukraine __________________ 355 Denmark _________________ 161 Mexico __________________ 259 United Arab Emirates ______ 357 Dominican Republic _______ 163 Moldova, Republic of ______ 261 United Kingdom ___________ 359 Ecuador _________________ 165 Mongolia _________________ 263 United States _____________ 361 Egypt ____________________ 167 Montenegro ______________ 265 Uruguay _________________ 363 El Salvador _______________ 169 Morocco _________________ 267 Vanuatu __________________ 365 Estonia __________________ 171 Mozambique _____________ 269 Viet Nam _________________ 367 Eswatini _________________ 173 Myanmar ________________ 271 Zambia __________________ 369 Ethiopia __________________ 175 Namibia _________________ 273 Zimbabwe _______________ 371 Fiji ______________________ 177 Nepal____________________ 275 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 80

Global Gender Gap Report 2023 81

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Afghanistan 0.405 146th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.79 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.52 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.47 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 35.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.85 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 20.36 20.77 41.13 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 0.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 4.70 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 86.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 3.42 96.58 0.04 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 28.22 71.78 0.39 Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.46 5.65 5.60 Education 23.22 76.78 0.30 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 26.76 21.64 22.86 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 4.09 95.91 0.04 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 32.34 67.66 0.48 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.34 4.59 5.93 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training 0.34 1.48 0.23 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1963 (Suspended) Graduates from tertiary education 6.10 15.35 10.85 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 60.80 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 61.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 638.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.75 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 82

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Albania 0.791 17th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Albania score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.791 17th 0.787 18th 0.786 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.786 18th 0.774 23rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.419 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 33rd 0.999 34th Health and Survival 0.960 133rd 0.956 137th 0.960 Health Political Empowerment 0.419 28th 0.419 25th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 18th 0.786 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 73rd 0.778 -15.06 52.87 67.93 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 1st 0.858 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 26th 0.756 -4.04 12.50 16.54 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 75th 0.518 -31.77 34.12 65.89 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 11.66 44.17 55.83 Educational Attainment 33rd 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 69th 0.995 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.67 90.93 93.60 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.95 94.75 97.70 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 27.96 43.26 71.22 Health and Survival 133rd 0.960 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 138th 0.928 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 79th 1.033 - - Political Empowerment 28th 0.419 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 37th 0.555 -28.60 35.70 64.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 83

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Albania 0.791 17th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 18.26 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.52 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 7.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.93 26.60 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.43 1.42 2.84 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 365.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.90 STEM Graduates 46.65 53.35 0.87 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 56.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 74.20 25.80 2.88 Advancement of women to leadership roles 6.43 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 11.72 12.13 11.95 Education 77.68 22.32 3.48 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 24.42 15.35 19.38 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 78.93 21.07 3.75 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 43.71 56.29 0.78 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.57 0.70 1.27 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 2.36 8.28 0.28 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1920 Graduates from tertiary education 59.35 28.28 43.24 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 24.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 15.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.40 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 84

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Algeria 0.573 144th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Algeria score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.573 144th 0.602 140th 0.317 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.317 145th 0.466 138th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.065 0.951 l t i o o P n 0.951 116th 0.915 126th Health and Survival 0.958 137th 0.958 135th 0.958 Health Political Empowerment 0.065 135th 0.070 134th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 145th 0.317 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 143rd 0.259 -48.91 17.13 66.04 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 144th 0.192 -14.78 3.52 18.29 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 138th 0.091 -83.27 8.37 91.64 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 78th 0.916 -4.40 47.80 52.20 Educational Attainment 116th 0.951 - - - - Literacy rate % 120th 0.862 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.73 107.68 110.42 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 26.77 40.64 67.41 Health and Survival 137th 0.958 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 143rd 0.990 - - Political Empowerment 135th 0.065 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 134th 0.086 -84.20 7.90 92.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 106th 0.154 -73.33 13.33 86.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 85

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Algeria 0.573 144th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 163.04 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 11.04 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 14.10 Population sex ratio female/male 0.96 Early marriage % 3.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.66 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 22.04 22.86 44.90 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 58.17 41.83 1.39 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 80.57 19.43 4.15 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.05 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) n. a. n. a. n. a. Education 80.37 19.63 4.10 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 36.23 15.67 19.39 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 48.46 51.54 0.94 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.52 29.48 2.39 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.19 8.28 10.47 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 83.06 16.94 4.90 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1944, 1958, 1962 Graduates from tertiary education 58.32 28.94 43.32 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 4.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 112.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.94 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 86

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Angola 0.656 118th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Angola score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.656 118th 0.638 125th 0.605 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.605 107th 0.637 99th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.305 0.738 l t i o o P n 0.738 142nd 0.693 142nd Health and Survival 0.976 44th 0.976 50th 0.976 Health Political Empowerment 0.305 46th 0.246 59th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 107th 0.605 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 3rd 0.956 -3.44 74.72 78.16 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 95th 0.600 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 53rd 0.682 -2.24 4.80 7.04 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 126th 0.181 -69.28 15.36 84.64 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 126th 0.420 -40.86 29.57 70.43 Educational Attainment 142nd 0.738 - - - - Literacy rate % 130th 0.755 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 138th 0.643 -22.03 39.74 61.77 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 112th 0.889 -1.25 10.01 11.26 Health and Survival 44th 0.976 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 56th 1.050 - - Political Empowerment 46th 0.305 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 46th 0.506 -32.80 33.60 66.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 30th 0.600 -25.00 37.50 62.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 87

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Angola 0.656 118th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 67.4 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.91 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 38.00 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 24.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.17 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 18.00 17.59 35.59 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 90.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 28.21 71.79 0.39 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 36.43 63.57 0.57 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.78 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 48.29 51.71 0.93 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.33 16.34 16.34 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.34 28.59 31.52 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 66.83 33.17 2.02 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 37.96 62.04 0.61 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.02 4.77 9.79 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 34.80 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 49.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 241.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 5.37 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 88

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Argentina 0.762 36th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Argentina score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.762 36th 0.756 33rd 0.644 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.644 95th 0.635 102nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.429 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.977 41st 0.977 46th 0.977 Health Political Empowerment 0.429 26th 0.413 28th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 95th 0.644 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 92nd 0.709 -20.67 50.48 71.15 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 93rd 0.602 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 106th 0.554 -12.40 15.39 27.79 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 84th 0.486 -34.61 32.69 67.31 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 2.87 48.57 51.43 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.77 107.79 112.56 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 52.85 73.15 126.00 Health and Survival 41st 0.977 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 52nd 1.051 - - Political Empowerment 26th 0.429 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 14th 0.812 -10.40 44.80 55.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 64th 0.286 -55.56 22.22 77.78 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 16th 0.242 -30.53 9.74 40.26 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 89

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Argentina 0.762 36th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 487.23 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 21.53 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.54 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 12.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.95 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 22.98 22.53 45.51 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 6.25 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 7.90 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 8.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 48.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.56 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 10.05 8.08 8.95 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 53.31 29.93 40.02 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 23.42 9.25 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.15 6.58 11.73 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1947 Graduates from tertiary education 24.13 10.30 17.12 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 43.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 39.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.91 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 90

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Armenia 0.721 61st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Armenia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.721 61st 0.698 89th 0.716 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.716 52nd 0.669 84th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.215 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 35th 1.000 28th Health and Survival 0.955 139th 0.954 139th 0.955 Health Political Empowerment 0.215 71st 0.170 89th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 52nd 0.716 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 26th 0.874 -9.04 62.80 71.84 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 35th 0.708 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 83rd 0.627 -6.66 11.20 17.86 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 93rd 0.422 -40.69 29.65 70.35 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 17.86 41.07 58.93 Educational Attainment 35th 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 57th 0.999 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 75th 0.998 -0.16 89.25 89.41 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.66 87.66 90.31 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 20.27 46.01 66.28 Health and Survival 139th 0.955 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 143rd 0.909 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 71st 0.215 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 38th 0.550 -29.00 35.50 64.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 98th 0.182 -69.23 15.39 84.62 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 91

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Armenia 0.721 61st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 13.86 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.19 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.22 Early marriage % 4.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.52 25.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.53 1.25 2.78 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 140.00 7.00 660.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 18.10 STEM Graduates 39.81 60.19 0.66 Firms with female top managers % firms 19.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 50.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 24.45 75.55 0.32 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 82.48 17.52 4.71 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.09 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 49.80 50.20 0.99 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.82 13.54 10.59 Education 74.51 25.49 2.92 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 18.13 13.63 16.04 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.77 0.70 1.46 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 58.40 41.60 1.40 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 10.00 10.78 0.93 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 58.18 37.07 46.84 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 8.20 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 26.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.57 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 92

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Australia 0.778 26th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Australia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.778 26th 0.738 43rd 0.740 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.740 38th 0.741 38th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.412 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 78th 0.985 87th Health and Survival 0.968 89th 0.968 90th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.412 29th 0.258 50th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 38th 0.740 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 30th 0.867 -9.41 61.23 70.64 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 53rd 0.664 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 71st 0.643 -21.69 39.01 60.69 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 39th 0.658 -20.60 39.70 60.30 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 16.57 41.71 58.29 Educational Attainment 78th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 70th 0.999 -0.12 98.48 98.60 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 112th 0.962 -5.16 131.81 136.97 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 37.25 95.91 133.16 Health and Survival 89th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 98th 1.023 - - Political Empowerment 29th 0.412 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 31st 0.623 -23.20 38.40 61.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 19th 0.769 -13.04 43.48 56.52 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 46th 0.064 -43.98 3.01 46.99 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 93

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Australia 0.778 26th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,552.67 2.34 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 49.77 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 0.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.13 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 13.18 13.00 26.18 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 14.00 126.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 15.31 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 34.80 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 26.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 63.30 36.70 1.72 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.20 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 52.77 47.23 1.12 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.70 3.87 3.79 Education 79.45 20.55 3.87 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 58.59 35.80 46.57 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.23 76.77 0.30 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.60 6.26 11.86 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 51.28 48.72 1.05 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 66.94 33.06 2.02 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 13.99 17.12 0.82 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 1.38 1.78 1.58 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 79.19 55.44 67.13 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 56.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 6.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.58 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 94

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Austria 0.740 47th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Austria score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.740 47th 0.781 21st 0.692 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.692 74th 0.673 81st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.303 0.996 l t i o o P n 0.996 55th 0.994 61st Health and Survival 0.970 77th 0.970 82nd 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.303 48th 0.487 16th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 74th 0.692 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 44th 0.844 -10.34 56.09 66.43 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 79th 0.616 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 92nd 0.605 -26.77 40.94 67.71 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 67th 0.549 -29.10 35.45 64.55 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 73rd 0.971 -1.49 49.26 50.74 Educational Attainment 55th 0.996 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.14 99.67 99.81 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 100th 0.982 -1.87 99.41 101.28 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 18.78 78.14 96.92 Health and Survival 77th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 90th 1.028 - - Political Empowerment 48th 0.303 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 25th 0.678 -19.20 40.40 59.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 56th 0.333 -50.00 25.00 75.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 62nd 0.024 -47.69 1.16 48.84 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 95

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Austria 0.740 47th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 480.37 2.51 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 54.12 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 2.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.44 29.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.54 4.40 8.94 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 30.00 365.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 12.38 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 34.60 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.20 STEM Graduates 25.90 74.10 0.35 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 6.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 46.92 53.08 0.88 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.07 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 57.02 42.98 1.33 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.85 5.26 5.06 Education 82.18 17.82 4.61 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 64.13 34.49 48.37 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 21.54 78.46 0.27 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 69.31 30.69 2.26 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.95 2.20 4.15 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 26.31 29.44 0.89 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.81 1.25 1.02 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 46.12 30.31 37.93 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats 41.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.44 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 96

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Azerbaijan 0.692 97th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Azerbaijan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.692 97th 0.687 101st 0.766 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.766 27th 0.744 36th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.071 0.996 l t i o o P n 0.996 54th 0.995 55th Health and Survival 0.936 146th 0.941 144th 0.936 Health Political Empowerment 0.071 134th 0.069 135th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 27th 0.766 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 8th 0.916 -5.90 64.20 70.10 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 75th 0.637 -6.42 11.27 17.68 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 61st 0.567 -27.64 36.18 63.82 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 15.93 42.04 57.96 Educational Attainment 54th 0.996 - - - - Literacy rate % 60th 0.999 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.47 88.55 89.02 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 98th 0.983 -1.56 92.85 94.40 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 6.83 35.02 41.86 Health and Survival 146th 0.936 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 146th 0.885 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 53rd 1.051 - - Political Empowerment 134th 0.071 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 106th 0.229 -62.80 18.60 81.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 97

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Azerbaijan 0.692 97th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 54.62 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.43 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 9.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.44 24.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.25 5.11 10.36 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 0 1.04 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 10.50 STEM Graduates 35.10 64.90 0.54 Firms with female top managers % firms 16.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.97 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 39.55 60.45 0.65 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.08 4.97 6.00 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 24.15 14.96 19.40 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.30 2.38 4.68 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 65.34 34.66 1.88 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 57.08 42.92 1.33 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 14.15 13.54 1.05 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 24.16 22.28 23.18 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.50 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 26.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.70 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 98

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bahrain 0.666 113th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bahrain score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.666 113th 0.632 131st 0.564 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.564 122nd 0.507 131st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.146 0.995 l t i o o P n 0.995 57th 0.995 54th Health and Survival 0.959 136th 0.959 134th 0.959 Health Political Empowerment 0.146 99th 0.066 137th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 122nd 0.564 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 128th 0.501 -43.40 43.54 86.94 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 23rd 0.728 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 82nd 0.628 -21.39 36.13 57.53 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 116th 0.275 -56.88 21.56 78.44 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 120th 0.483 -34.84 32.58 67.42 Educational Attainment 57th 0.995 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 86th 0.990 -0.97 97.17 98.13 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 8.30 93.23 101.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 34.24 48.94 83.18 Health and Survival 136th 0.959 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 142nd 0.993 - - Political Empowerment 99th 0.146 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 96th 0.250 -60.00 20.00 80.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 66th 0.278 -56.52 21.74 78.26 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 99

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bahrain 0.666 113th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 38.87 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 49.39 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.61 Early marriage % 5.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.97 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.56 0.91 1.47 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 41.21 58.79 0.70 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.51 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 62.17 37.83 1.64 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) n. a. n. a. n. a. Education 82.44 17.56 4.69 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 30.57 69.43 0.44 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.18 26.82 2.73 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 47.14 52.86 0.89 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.15 0.55 0.70 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 0.88 5.59 0.16 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.22 0.29 0.26 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1951, 1973, 2002 Graduates from tertiary education 49.88 20.50 32.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 25.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 14.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.83 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 100

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ban!ladesh 0.722 59th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bangladesh score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.722 59th 0.714 71st 0.438 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.438 139th 0.427 141st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.552 0.936 l t i o o P n 0.936 122nd 0.923 123rd Health and Survival 0.962 126th 0.962 129th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.552 7th 0.546 9th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 139th 0.438 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 132nd 0.451 -44.32 36.35 80.67 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 102nd 0.588 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 129th 0.438 -4.64 3.61 8.25 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 136th 0.120 -78.52 10.74 89.26 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 125th 0.421 -40.70 29.65 70.35 Educational Attainment 122nd 0.936 - - - - Literacy rate % 109th 0.925 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 21.09 65.19 86.27 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 116th 0.833 -4.56 22.78 27.34 Health and Survival 126th 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 136th 1.002 - - Political Empowerment 7th 0.552 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 91st 0.264 -58.20 20.90 79.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 123rd 0.111 -80.00 10.00 90.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 1st 1.000 8.61 20.69 29.31 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 101

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bangladesh 0.722 59th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 416.26 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.91 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 13.69 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 45.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.15 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 86.33 84.86 171.19 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 2.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 4.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 94.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 21.19 78.81 0.27 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 33.15 66.85 0.50 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.12 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 26.16 73.84 0.35 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.78 3.49 4.55 Education 22.03 77.97 0.28 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 40.69 10.06 19.45 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 46.05 53.95 0.85 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 25.26 74.74 0.34 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 27.25 72.75 0.37 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 16.32 36.18 52.50 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 14.92 85.08 0.18 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 27.78 72.22 0.38 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 1.82 4.73 0.39 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.17 0.32 0.25 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1937, 1972 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 53.30 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 59.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 173.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.00 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 102

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Barbados 0.769 31st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Barbados score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.769 31st 0.765 30th 0.860 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.860 4th 0.832 3rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.256 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 65th 0.993 67th Health and Survival 0.968 92nd 0.968 92nd 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.256 58th 0.266 49th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 4th 0.860 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 12th 0.896 -6.84 59.03 65.87 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 33rd 0.712 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 5th 0.881 -1.74 12.92 14.66 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 13th 0.971 -1.46 49.27 50.73 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 15.33 42.33 57.66 Educational Attainment 65th 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 93rd 0.988 -1.15 95.13 96.28 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.67 104.17 106.84 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 92nd 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 102nd 1.022 - - Political Empowerment 58th 0.256 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 74th 0.364 -46.60 26.70 73.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 56th 0.333 -50.00 25.00 75.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 27th 0.137 -37.97 6.02 43.98 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 103

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Barbados 0.769 31st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4.84 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 13.75 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.09 Early marriage % 0 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.18 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.15 0.14 0.28 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 62.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.10 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.48 9.93 8.71 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 11.69 9.52 10.60 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.06 0.06 0.12 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1950 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats 42.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 27.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.63 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 104

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Belarus 0.752 41st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Belarus score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.752 41st 0.750 36th 0.819 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.819 7th 0.818 4th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.217 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 75th 0.990 77th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.977 44th 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.217 69th 0.216 69th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 7th 0.819 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 24th 0.878 -9.14 65.77 74.91 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 87th 0.618 -9.52 15.37 24.89 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 15th 0.893 -5.65 47.18 52.82 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 40.31 29.85 70.15 Educational Attainment 75th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 92nd 0.988 -1.09 93.04 94.13 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 96th 0.985 -1.59 103.83 105.42 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.32 76.74 88.06 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 69th 0.217 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 26th 0.667 -20.00 40.00 60.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 138th 0.043 -91.67 4.17 95.83 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 105

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Belarus 0.752 41st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 68.21 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 19.75 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 17.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.17 Early marriage % 8.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.42 26.80 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.14 4.39 9.54 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 0 1.10 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 19.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 21.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 55.28 44.72 1.24 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 76.06 23.94 3.18 Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 71.05 28.95 2.45 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.06 4.70 3.88 Education 75.84 24.16 3.14 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 23.77 7.96 15.83 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.21 76.79 0.30 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 19.17 9.51 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 23.04 76.96 0.30 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.34 2.32 4.66 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 78.94 21.06 3.75 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 16.50 20.05 0.82 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.26 0.35 0.30 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1991 Graduates from tertiary education 76.91 58.09 67.23 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 25.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 2.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.38 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 106

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Belgium 0.796 10th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Belgium score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.796 10th 0.793 14th 0.728 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.728 44th 0.723 52nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.486 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.968 91st 0.968 91st 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.486 16th 0.480 18th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 44th 0.728 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 42nd 0.847 -9.07 50.04 59.11 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 48th 0.677 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 63rd 0.665 -20.87 41.43 62.30 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 68th 0.548 -29.18 35.41 64.59 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 4.13 47.94 52.07 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.21 98.27 99.48 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 18.57 142.54 161.11 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 23.90 69.26 93.16 Health and Survival 91st 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 101st 1.022 - - Political Empowerment 16th 0.486 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 18th 0.745 -14.60 42.70 57.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 14.29 42.86 57.14 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 65th 0.019 -48.14 0.93 49.07 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 107

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Belgium 0.796 10th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 594.1 2.77 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 51.74 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 2.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.47 29.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.90 5.76 11.66 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 21.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 3.80 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 37.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.80 STEM Graduates 25.83 74.17 0.35 Firms with female top managers % firms 17.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 3.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 62.13 37.87 1.64 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 62.55 37.45 1.67 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.00 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 54.12 45.88 1.18 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.30 5.90 5.60 Education 77.49 22.51 3.44 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 56.20 30.98 42.82 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.40 76.60 0.31 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.63 24.37 3.10 and care work % 15.90 10.07 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 9.88 90.12 0.11 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.29 2.58 4.87 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.34 29.66 2.37 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 22.02 26.44 0.83 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.43 0.79 0.60 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1919, 1948 Graduates from tertiary education 69.00 43.33 55.81 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 45.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 24.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.55 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 108

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Belize 0.696 89th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Belize score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.696 89th 0.695 95th 0.720 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.720 49th 0.727 48th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.090 0.996 l t i o o P n 0.996 52nd 0.997 45th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.090 126th 0.075 133rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 49th 0.720 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 114th 0.642 -27.05 48.56 75.61 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 54th 0.682 -3.31 7.10 10.41 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 41st 0.650 -21.19 39.42 60.61 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.60 49.20 50.80 Educational Attainment 52nd 0.996 - - - - Literacy rate % - - - - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 82nd 0.994 -0.58 91.35 91.93 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.55 86.97 89.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.64 17.42 29.06 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 126th 0.090 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 116th 0.185 -68.80 15.60 84.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 113th 0.133 -76.47 11.77 88.24 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 109

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Belize 0.696 89th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.49 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.76 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.25 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 17.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.29 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.20 0.20 0.41 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 41.83 58.17 0.72 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 35.29 64.71 0.55 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 71.43 28.57 2.50 Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.63 31.37 2.19 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 15.44 7.03 10.43 Education 83.27 16.73 4.98 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 44.38 34.75 38.39 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 9.09 90.91 0.10 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 69.86 30.14 2.32 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 19.44 80.56 0.24 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.06 0.09 0.14 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 52.83 47.17 1.12 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.81 30.19 2.31 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 3.27 3.71 0.88 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1954, 1981 Graduates from tertiary education 9.56 3.98 6.77 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 42.90 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 36.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.00 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 110

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Benin 0.616 138th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Benin score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.616 138th 0.612 138th 0.530 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.530 129th 0.596 114th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.159 0.802 l t i o o P n 0.802 139th 0.790 138th Health and Survival 0.973 61st 0.973 65th 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.159 92nd 0.090 126th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 129th 0.530 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 63rd 0.812 -13.11 56.62 69.73 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 61st 0.651 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 115th 0.516 -2.12 2.26 4.38 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 129th 0.159 -72.51 13.75 86.25 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 138th 0.235 -61.97 19.02 80.98 Educational Attainment 139th 0.802 - - - - Literacy rate % 140th 0.615 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 104th 0.940 -5.72 90.38 96.09 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 134th 0.832 -8.80 43.45 52.25 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 131st 0.514 -7.09 7.51 14.60 Health and Survival 61st 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 71st 1.039 - - Political Empowerment 92nd 0.159 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 79th 0.346 -48.60 25.70 74.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 86th 0.211 -65.22 17.39 82.61 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 111

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Benin 0.616 138th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 17.14 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.32 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 32.30 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 16.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.76 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 6.66 6.69 13.35 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 21.30 STEM Graduates 54.88 45.12 1.22 Firms with female top managers % firms 25.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 96.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 60.51 39.49 1.53 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.09 43.91 1.28 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.79 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 61.35 38.65 1.59 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.79 1.28 1.52 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 54.64 45.36 1.20 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 63.67 36.33 1.75 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 55.07 44.93 1.23 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.47 1.67 3.15 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 61.49 38.51 1.60 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 0.99 2.07 0.48 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 68.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 78.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 397.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 5.05 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 112

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bhutan 0.682 103rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bhutan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.682 103rd 0.637 126th 0.708 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.708 59th 0.537 126th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.093 0.963 l t i o o P n 0.963 109th 0.955 111th Health and Survival 0.962 122nd 0.962 125th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.093 125th 0.093 125th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 59th 0.708 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 15th 0.893 -7.80 65.30 73.10 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 48th 0.690 -3.96 8.81 12.77 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 38th 0.659 -20.58 39.72 60.29 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 119th 0.498 -33.51 33.25 66.75 Educational Attainment 109th 0.963 - - - - Literacy rate % 125th 0.807 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.85 94.94 97.80 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 11.00 84.71 95.71 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 0.66 22.96 23.62 Health and Survival 122nd 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 132nd 1.004 - - Political Empowerment 125th 0.093 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 110th 0.211 -65.20 17.40 82.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 123rd 0.111 -80.00 10.00 90.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 113

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bhutan 0.682 103rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.54 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 10.91 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.89 Early marriage % 16.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.64 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.37 0.41 0.78 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 32.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 26.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 15.48 84.52 0.18 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.86 43.14 1.32 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.54 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.43 3.94 5.17 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 9.91 4.14 6.90 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 24.91 75.09 0.33 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 52.63 47.37 1.11 and care work % 15.00 5.90 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.15 0.16 0.31 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.11 0.27 0.20 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1953, 2008 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 16.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 26.50 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 183.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.43 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 114

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bolivia 0.730 56th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bolivia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.730 56th 0.734 51st 0.658 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.658 90th 0.642 97th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.317 0.984 l t i o o P n 0.984 92nd 0.980 91st Health and Survival 0.962 125th 0.962 128th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.317 42nd 0.352 36th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 90th 0.658 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 50th 0.840 -13.53 71.21 84.74 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 114th 0.539 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 80th 0.628 -3.67 6.21 9.88 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 72nd 0.542 -29.68 35.16 64.84 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 89th 0.853 -7.91 46.04 53.96 Educational Attainment 92nd 0.984 - - - - Literacy rate % 106th 0.929 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.46 95.59 96.05 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 82nd 0.996 -0.33 91.84 92.17 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 125th 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 135th 1.002 - - Political Empowerment 42nd 0.317 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 10th 0.859 -7.60 46.20 53.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 109th 0.143 -75.00 12.50 87.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 59th 0.034 -46.68 1.66 48.34 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 115

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bolivia 0.730 56th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 40.41 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.05 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 23.20 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 12.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.19 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 6.10 6.13 12.22 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 41.60 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 26.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 81.50 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.63 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.12 4.86 5.45 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.43 2.73 5.16 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 28.21 29.04 0.97 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.07 0.17 0.12 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1938, 1952 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 55.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 64.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 81.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 155.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.65 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 116

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bosnia and Her2egovina 0.698 86th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bosnia and Herzegovina score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.698 86th 0.710 73rd 0.601 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.601 112th 0.589 116th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.240 0.980 l t i o o P n 0.980 98th 0.974 100th Health and Survival 0.970 74th 0.975 53rd 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.240 65th 0.302 44th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 112th 0.601 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 106th 0.659 -21.03 40.64 61.67 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 109th 0.556 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 98th 0.581 -8.34 11.56 19.90 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 111th 0.319 -51.64 24.18 75.82 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.57 49.22 50.78 Educational Attainment 98th 0.980 - - - - Literacy rate % 88th 0.974 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 106th 0.974 -0.01 0.49 0.51 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 17.32 30.84 48.16 Health and Survival 74th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 131st 0.936 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 59th 1.046 - - Political Empowerment 65th 0.240 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 102nd 0.236 -61.80 19.10 80.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 114th 0.125 -77.78 11.11 88.89 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 13th 0.308 -26.48 11.76 38.24 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 117

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.698 86th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 23.37 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 15.66 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 0.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -1.44 27.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.64 1.59 3.23 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 365.00 9.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.00 STEM Graduates 44.50 55.50 0.80 Firms with female top managers % firms 16.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 20.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 57.02 42.98 1.33 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.76 31.24 2.20 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.81 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 57.17 42.83 1.33 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.13 10.98 13.08 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 20.82 9.93 14.22 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 39.37 60.63 0.65 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.35 26.65 2.75 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.57 0.80 1.37 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 71.91 28.09 2.56 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 21.07 23.40 0.90 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.13 0.24 0.18 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1949 Graduates from tertiary education 34.58 22.09 28.14 Number of female heads of state to date number 4 Seats held in upper house % total seats 20.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 10.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.36 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 118

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Botswana 0.719 64th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Botswana score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.719 64th 0.719 66th 0.807 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.807 9th 0.810 7th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.088 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 22nd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.088 127th 0.085 129th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 9th 0.807 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 34th 0.862 -9.65 60.06 69.71 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 83rd 0.614 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 17th 0.793 -3.44 13.14 16.58 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 16.96 41.52 58.48 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 7.40 46.30 53.70 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.71 90.21 91.92 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 7.88 69.70 77.58 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.11 19.23 30.35 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 127th 0.088 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 128th 0.125 -77.80 11.10 88.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 88th 0.200 -66.67 16.67 83.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 119

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Botswana 0.719 64th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 17.61 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.84 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 7.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.64 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.33 1.30 2.63 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 75.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 57.96 42.04 1.38 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.00 44.00 1.27 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.42 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 26.63 22.06 24.32 Education 70.59 29.41 2.40 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.04 29.96 2.34 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.44 0.45 0.89 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1965 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 144.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.84 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 120

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bra1il 0.726 57th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Brazil score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.726 57th 0.696 94th 0.670 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.670 86th 0.669 85th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.263 0.992 l t i o o P n 0.992 73rd 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.263 56th 0.136 104th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 86th 0.670 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 89th 0.719 -20.50 52.37 72.87 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 110th 0.556 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 81st 0.628 -6.69 11.31 18.00 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 45th 0.634 -22.43 38.78 61.22 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 4.32 47.84 52.16 Educational Attainment 73rd 0.992 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 98th 0.983 -1.67 94.63 96.30 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.67 101.85 106.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 19.50 45.06 64.55 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 56th 0.263 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 109th 0.215 -64.60 17.70 82.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 33rd 0.579 -26.67 36.67 63.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 33rd 0.120 -39.28 5.36 44.64 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 121

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Brazil 0.726 57th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,608.98 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.59 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.04 Early marriage % 15.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.53 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 109.58 105.73 215.31 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 120.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 9.09 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 16.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 36.64 63.36 0.58 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 39.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 49.48 50.52 0.98 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 55.15 44.85 1.23 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.41 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.00 42.00 1.38 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 11.69 7.64 9.43 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.29 19.53 25.71 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 36.66 63.34 0.58 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.69 24.31 3.11 and care work % 11.61 5.13 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 39.47 50.41 89.88 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.91 29.09 2.44 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 4.39 3.47 1.26 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.21 0.31 0.26 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1932 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 14.80 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 33.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 60.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.65 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 122

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Brunei Darussalam 0.693 96th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Brunei Darussalam score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.693 96th 0.680 104th 0.760 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.760 29th 0.726 49th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.061 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 44th 0.997 48th Health and Survival 0.953 140th 0.966 104th 0.953 Health Political Empowerment 0.061 136th 0.031 144th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 29th 0.760 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 76th 0.766 -16.76 54.89 71.65 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 51st 0.687 -22.15 48.67 70.82 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 28th 0.742 -14.79 42.61 57.40 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 81st 0.905 -4.96 47.52 52.48 Educational Attainment 44th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 80th 0.986 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.31 98.17 98.48 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 3.01 89.90 92.91 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 14.02 25.35 39.37 Health and Survival 140th 0.953 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 142nd 0.926 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 115th 1.014 - - Political Empowerment 136th 0.061 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 132nd 0.096 -82.40 8.80 91.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 114th 0.125 -77.78 11.11 88.89 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 123

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Brunei Darussalam 0.693 96th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.01 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 60.13 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.93 Early marriage % 3.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.82 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.22 0.23 0.45 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 91.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 54.34 45.66 1.19 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 31.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 61.32 38.68 1.59 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.91 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.31 31.69 2.16 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.50 3.90 4.95 Education 72.97 27.03 2.70 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 15.24 8.26 11.05 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 52.26 47.74 1.09 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.08 0.12 0.20 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 73.37 26.63 2.76 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 74.09 25.91 2.86 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 7.61 7.62 1.00 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 30.07 16.52 22.95 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 31.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.80 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 124

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Bulgaria 0.715 65th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Bulgaria score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.715 65th 0.740 42nd 0.738 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.738 39th 0.737 42nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.148 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 63rd 0.995 58th Health and Survival 0.979 28th 0.979 30th 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.148 98th 0.250 56th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 39th 0.738 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 68th 0.791 -12.97 49.05 62.02 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 51st 0.666 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 37th 0.726 -7.77 20.63 28.40 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 47th 0.620 -23.42 38.29 61.71 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 17.30 41.35 58.65 Educational Attainment 63rd 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 70th 0.995 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.03 84.54 84.57 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 103rd 0.978 -1.95 86.97 88.91 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 17.17 67.11 84.28 Health and Survival 28th 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 112th 0.943 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 98th 0.148 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 82nd 0.319 -51.60 24.20 75.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 95th 0.188 -68.42 15.79 84.21 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 73rd 0.006 -49.45 0.27 49.73 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 125

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Bulgaria 0.715 65th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 84.06 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 24.39 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 1.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.81 26.40 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.49 3.29 6.78 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 410.00 15.00 365.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 2.55 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 28.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 6.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 46.21 53.79 0.86 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 67.81 32.19 2.11 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.94 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 67.67 32.33 2.09 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.10 4.50 4.30 Education 83.08 16.92 4.91 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 13.78 9.05 11.36 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.67 71.33 0.40 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.34 29.66 2.37 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 38.74 61.26 0.63 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.48 1.67 3.15 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 68.08 31.92 2.13 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 66.71 33.29 2.00 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 13.19 19.18 0.69 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 58.25 38.57 48.07 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 23.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 10.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.56 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 126

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Burkina Faso 0.676 109th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Burkina Faso score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.676 109th 0.659 115th 0.708 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.708 60th 0.718 57th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.125 0.893 l t i o o P n 0.893 133rd 0.876 131st Health and Survival 0.978 39th 0.978 43rd 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.125 109th 0.066 138th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 60th 0.708 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 90th 0.716 -15.03 37.95 52.98 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 99th 0.578 -1.17 1.60 2.77 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 16.22 41.89 58.11 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 110th 0.573 -27.15 36.42 63.58 Educational Attainment 133rd 0.893 - - - - Literacy rate % 135th 0.694 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.50 74.89 75.39 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.48 37.35 41.82 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 128th 0.597 -4.80 7.10 11.90 Health and Survival 39th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 51st 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 109th 0.125 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 113th 0.203 -66.20 16.90 83.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 74th 0.250 -60.00 20.00 80.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 127

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Burkina Faso 0.676 109th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 19.74 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.18 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.33 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 32.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.65 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 11.38 11.30 22.67 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 20.59 79.41 0.26 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 95.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 33.80 66.20 0.51 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 17.51 82.49 0.21 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.45 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 48.66 51.34 0.95 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.76 4.87 4.82 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 21.58 78.42 0.28 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.65 2.10 3.75 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 18.74 81.26 0.23 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 45.35 54.65 0.83 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.74 1.21 0.61 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.01 0.12 0.06 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1958 Graduates from tertiary education 2.10 3.66 2.89 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 11.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 79.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 320.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.87 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 128

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Burundi 0.763 35th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Burundi score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.763 35th 0.777 24th 0.810 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.810 8th 0.855 2nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.320 0.942 l t i o o P n 0.942 120th 0.927 121st Health and Survival 0.979 27th 0.979 29th 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.320 41st 0.345 37th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 8th 0.810 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 1st 0.991 -0.69 78.25 78.94 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 2nd 0.841 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 4th 0.883 -0.09 0.66 0.75 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 78th 0.510 -32.42 33.79 66.20 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 101st 0.673 -19.57 40.22 59.78 Educational Attainment 120th 0.942 - - - - Literacy rate % 124th 0.841 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.35 88.23 91.57 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 9.24 43.01 52.25 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 121st 0.772 -1.53 5.19 6.72 Health and Survival 27th 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 39th 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 41st 0.320 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 32nd 0.618 -23.60 38.20 61.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 69th 0.012 -48.84 0.58 49.42 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 129

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Burundi 0.763 35th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.78 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 0.71 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 29.70 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 9.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.67 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 6.49 6.40 12.89 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 4.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.30 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 16.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 98.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 65.07 34.93 1.86 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.73 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 35.92 64.08 0.56 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.03 1.15 1.08 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 25.92 23.66 24.91 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.08 1.73 3.81 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters n. a. Vocational training 2.62 2.65 0.99 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1962 Graduates from tertiary education 2.52 5.86 4.18 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 41.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 46.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 85.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 548.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 5.18 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 130

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Cabo Verde 0.761 37th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Cabo Verde score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.761 37th 0.736 45th 0.747 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.747 32nd 0.752 30th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.334 0.981 l t i o o P n 0.981 95th 0.975 99th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.334 40th 0.238 62nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 32nd 0.747 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 72nd 0.784 -13.93 50.53 64.46 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 97th 0.597 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 29th 0.749 -1.76 5.24 7.00 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 16th 0.853 -7.94 46.04 53.98 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 75th 0.938 -3.20 48.40 51.60 Educational Attainment 95th 0.981 - - - - Literacy rate % 107th 0.928 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 89th 0.989 -0.99 91.78 92.77 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 7.36 85.32 92.69 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 9.30 19.05 28.35 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 40th 0.334 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 21st 0.715 -16.60 41.70 58.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 48th 0.455 -37.50 31.25 68.75 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 131

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Cabo Verde 0.761 37th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1.94 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 6.11 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 10.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.90 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.30 0.29 0.59 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 63.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 100.00 0 n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 71.43 28.57 2.50 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.23 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 12.21 10.77 11.41 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 28.23 20.05 23.68 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.44 22.56 3.43 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.09 0.11 0.20 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 66.67 33.33 2.00 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.88 31.12 2.21 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 0.98 1.42 0.69 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975, 1989 Graduates from tertiary education 18.35 9.30 13.74 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 12.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 58.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.91 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 132

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Cambodia 0.695 92nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Cambodia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.695 92nd 0.690 98th 0.710 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.710 58th 0.710 61st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.112 0.981 l t i o o P n 0.981 96th 0.966 105th Health and Survival 0.978 38th 0.978 42nd 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.112 115th 0.107 121st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 58th 0.710 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 47th 0.843 -13.00 69.94 82.94 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 25th 0.724 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 23rd 0.765 -1.16 3.78 4.94 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 90th 0.449 -38.02 30.99 69.01 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 102nd 0.672 -19.58 40.21 59.79 Educational Attainment 96th 0.981 - - - - Literacy rate % 115th 0.902 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.47 86.31 86.78 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 9.24 53.04 62.27 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 0.41 12.78 13.19 Health and Survival 38th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 49th 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 115th 0.112 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 92nd 0.263 -58.40 20.80 79.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 114th 0.125 -77.78 11.11 88.89 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 133

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Cambodia 0.695 92nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 26.96 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 4.35 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 16.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.17 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 8.47 8.30 16.77 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 43.70 STEM Graduates 16.68 83.32 0.20 Firms with female top managers % firms 57.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 89.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 31.27 68.73 0.45 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.12 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 49.44 50.56 0.98 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 0.44 0.40 0.41 Education 43.58 56.42 0.77 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 21.93 17.82 19.83 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 8.44 91.56 0.09 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.63 3.85 7.48 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 34.08 65.92 0.52 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 22.95 77.05 0.30 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 16.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.90 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 89.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 160.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.38 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Near-equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 134

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Cameroon 0.693 94th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Cameroon score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.693 94th 0.692 97th 0.694 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.694 70th 0.704 66th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.210 0.895 l t i o o P n 0.895 132nd 0.887 129th Health and Survival 0.973 57th 0.973 60th 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.210 74th 0.202 76th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 70th 0.694 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 29th 0.867 -10.31 67.19 77.50 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 67th 0.640 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 118th 0.500 -2.47 2.47 4.94 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 14th 0.971 -1.47 49.26 50.74 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 111th 0.563 -27.94 36.03 63.97 Educational Attainment 132nd 0.895 - - - - Literacy rate % 119th 0.877 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 107th 0.909 -8.72 87.28 96.00 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 129th 0.887 -5.38 42.32 47.69 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 113th 0.886 -1.72 13.40 15.13 Health and Survival 57th 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 67th 1.040 - - Political Empowerment 74th 0.210 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 44th 0.513 -32.20 33.90 66.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 87th 0.207 -65.71 17.14 82.86 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 135

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Cameroon 0.693 94th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 45.34 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.70 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 23.00 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 22.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.64 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 13.99 13.92 27.91 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 31.00 STEM Graduates 32.28 67.72 0.48 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 87.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 29.08 70.92 0.41 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 63.43 36.57 1.73 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.22 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 54.37 45.63 1.19 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.27 3.23 3.73 Education 44.16 55.84 0.79 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 25.19 74.81 0.34 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 15.82 4.57 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.35 3.46 6.80 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 36.26 63.74 0.57 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 3.30 6.08 0.54 Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Unequal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 26.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 51.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 69.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 529.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.54 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 136

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Canada 0.770 30th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Canada score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.770 30th 0.772 25th 0.740 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.740 36th 0.736 43rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.374 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.968 93rd 0.968 94th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.374 33rd 0.386 31st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 36th 0.740 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 21st 0.881 -8.20 60.95 69.15 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 52nd 0.665 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 44th 0.703 -16.73 39.58 56.31 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 65th 0.551 -28.96 35.52 64.48 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 15.17 42.41 57.59 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.26 114.25 115.51 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 22.38 68.60 90.98 Health and Survival 93rd 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 103rd 1.021 - - Political Empowerment 33rd 0.374 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 50th 0.443 -38.60 30.70 69.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 12th 0.944 -2.86 48.57 51.43 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 71st 0.007 -49.28 0.36 49.64 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 137

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Canada 0.770 30th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,988.34 1.76 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 47.89 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 1.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.55 29.40 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 19.34 19.11 38.45 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 0 210.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 16.67 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 32.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 31.43 68.57 0.46 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 54.19 45.81 1.18 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 62.93 37.07 1.70 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.97 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.14 5.41 5.28 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 49.17 32.80 40.58 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 14.58 9.58 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 8.39 9.38 17.77 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 53.76 46.24 1.16 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.24 29.76 2.36 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 7.64 8.13 0.94 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.69 1.22 0.95 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1917, 1918, 1950, 1960 Graduates from tertiary education 52.60 34.44 43.31 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 51.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 1.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 10.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.40 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 138

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Chad 0.570 145th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Chad score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.570 145th 0.579 142nd 0.538 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.538 126th 0.539 124th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.137 0.637 l t i o o P n 0.637 145th 0.603 145th Health and Survival 0.970 72nd 0.970 79th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.137 105th 0.202 74th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 126th 0.538 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 99th 0.677 -23.48 49.29 72.77 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 107th 0.559 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 104th 0.561 -0.80 1.02 1.82 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 139th 0.217 -64.30 17.85 82.15 Educational Attainment 145th 0.637 - - - - Literacy rate % 143rd 0.515 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 110th 0.804 -16.85 69.29 86.14 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 140th 0.583 -12.57 17.58 30.14 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 136th 0.290 -3.57 1.46 5.03 Health and Survival 72nd 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 86th 1.029 - - Political Empowerment 105th 0.137 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 78th 0.350 -48.20 25.90 74.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 122nd 0.115 -79.31 10.35 89.66 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 139

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Chad 0.570 145th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 11.78 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.43 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 30.20 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 40.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.16 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 8.83 8.90 17.72 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 12.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 96.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.71 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 0.81 1.51 1.20 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.45 1.95 3.40 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Unequal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1958 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 28.60 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 38.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 1.14 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 6.35 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 140

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Chile 0.777 27th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Chile score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.777 27th 0.736 47th 0.642 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.642 96th 0.616 105th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.502 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 64th 0.994 62nd Health and Survival 0.970 69th 0.970 76th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.502 12th 0.363 34th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 96th 0.642 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 98th 0.677 -22.23 46.67 68.90 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 72nd 0.624 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 101st 0.576 -13.73 18.64 32.36 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 92nd 0.436 -39.26 30.37 69.63 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 4.94 47.53 52.47 Educational Attainment 64th 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 59th 0.999 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 84th 0.992 -0.82 99.12 99.94 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 89th 0.991 -0.95 103.16 104.11 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 15.38 84.10 99.48 Health and Survival 69th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 83rd 1.030 - - Political Empowerment 12th 0.502 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 38th 0.550 -29.00 35.50 64.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 16.67 41.67 58.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 18th 0.191 -33.99 8.01 42.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 141

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Chile 0.777 27th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 317.06 8.15 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 25.45 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 5.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.99 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 9.87 9.73 19.60 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 7.00 42.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 8.60 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 15.20 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 18.83 81.17 0.23 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 27.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.49 43.51 1.30 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.83 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 56.33 43.67 1.29 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.02 8.09 8.49 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 38.20 23.53 29.58 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 17.74 82.26 0.22 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 78.01 21.99 3.55 and care work % 22.10 9.85 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 12.74 87.26 0.15 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.78 5.12 8.90 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 66.69 33.31 2.00 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 13.55 12.80 1.06 Access to land assets Restricted rights Access to non-land assets Unequal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1931, 1949 Graduates from tertiary education 11.57 12.57 12.07 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 24.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 6.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 13.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.54 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 142

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) China 0.678 107th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 China score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.678 107th 0.682 102nd 0.727 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.727 45th 0.741 37th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.114 0.935 l t i o o P n 0.935 123rd 0.936 120th Health and Survival 0.937 145th 0.940 145th 0.937 Health Political Empowerment 0.114 114th 0.113 120th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 45th 0.727 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 62nd 0.815 -14.43 63.73 78.16 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 22nd 0.729 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 70th 0.644 -7.59 13.73 21.32 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 123rd 0.935 - - - - Literacy rate % 93rd 0.969 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 131st 0.873 -0.07 0.47 0.53 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 10.12 58.87 68.99 Health and Survival 145th 0.937 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 145th 0.890 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 65th 1.042 - - Political Empowerment 114th 0.114 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 80th 0.332 -50.20 24.90 75.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 138th 0.043 -91.67 4.17 95.83 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 75th 0.001 -49.93 0.03 49.97 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 143

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 China 0.678 107th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 17,734.06 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 17.60 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.96 Early marriage % 3.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.09 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 698.24 727.64 1425.89 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 158.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 13.80 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.09 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) n. a. n. a. n. a. Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 15.35 5.90 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force n. a. n. a. n. a. Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 8.47 7.61 1.11 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946, 1949 Graduates from tertiary education 45.87 32.46 38.74 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 29.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.28 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 144

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Colombia 0.751 42nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Colombia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.751 42nd 0.710 75th 0.657 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.657 92nd 0.649 93rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.373 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.975 51st 0.975 56th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.373 34th 0.215 70th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 92nd 0.657 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 104th 0.667 -25.90 51.78 77.68 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 100th 0.591 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 52nd 0.683 -5.53 11.92 17.45 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 70th 0.546 -29.38 35.31 64.69 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 84th 0.896 -5.48 47.26 52.74 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.04 98.35 99.38 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.63 102.81 107.44 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 9.97 52.22 62.19 Health and Survival 51st 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 62nd 1.045 - - Political Empowerment 34th 0.373 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 58th 0.406 -42.20 28.90 71.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 145

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Colombia 0.751 42nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 314.46 2.27 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.65 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 7.04 Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 14.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.14 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 26.30 25.58 51.87 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 14.00 42.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 4.00 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 12.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 17.30 STEM Graduates 33.41 66.59 0.50 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 63.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 44.68 55.32 0.81 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 50.62 49.38 1.02 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.61 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 62.69 37.31 1.68 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 13.57 8.78 10.82 Education 68.62 31.38 2.19 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 35.26 18.49 25.10 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.06 27.94 2.58 and care work % 5.02 2.93 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 23.31 76.69 0.30 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 8.86 12.16 21.02 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 54.17 45.83 1.18 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.63 29.37 2.41 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 9.86 8.76 1.13 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1954 Graduates from tertiary education 35.64 24.08 29.77 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 30.20 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 37.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 83.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.74 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 146

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Comoros 0.664 114th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Comoros score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.664 114th 0.631 134th 0.657 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.657 91st 0.523 129th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.083 0.949 l t i o o P n 0.949 118th 0.943 116th Health and Survival 0.968 84th 0.968 87th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.083 129th 0.090 127th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 91st 0.657 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 94th 0.693 -18.22 41.13 59.35 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 127th 0.456 -2.41 2.02 4.43 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 2.25 48.84 51.09 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 113th 0.543 -29.64 35.18 64.82 Educational Attainment 118th 0.949 - - - - Literacy rate % 123rd 0.850 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 66th 1.000 -0.03 81.83 81.86 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 3.83 57.59 61.42 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 117th 0.812 -1.86 8.05 9.91 Health and Survival 84th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 95th 1.023 - - Political Empowerment 129th 0.083 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 114th 0.200 -66.60 16.70 83.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 129th 0.083 -84.62 7.69 92.31 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 147

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Comoros 0.664 114th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1.3 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.23 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 19.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.90 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.42 0.42 0.84 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 87.50 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.76 5.56 6.06 Education 45.00 55.00 0.82 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 25.97 22.19 23.77 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 44.44 55.56 0.80 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.09 0.12 0.21 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 6.40 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 273.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.05 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 148

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.612 140th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Congo, Democratic Republic of the score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.612 140th 0.575 144th 0.676 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.676 83rd 0.565 120th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.111 0.683 l t i o o P n 0.683 144th 0.661 144th Health and Survival 0.976 43rd 0.976 49th 0.976 Health Political Empowerment 0.111 116th 0.099 124th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 83rd 0.676 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 10th 0.903 -6.46 60.29 66.75 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 101st 0.590 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 47th 0.693 -0.39 0.88 1.27 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 29th 0.722 -16.11 41.94 58.06 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 124th 0.433 -39.58 30.21 69.79 Educational Attainment 144th 0.683 - - - - Literacy rate % 127th 0.791 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 139th 0.640 -20.28 35.98 56.26 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 127th 0.597 -3.53 5.23 8.76 Health and Survival 43rd 0.976 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 55th 1.050 - - Political Empowerment 116th 0.111 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 126th 0.147 -74.40 12.80 87.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 71st 0.265 -58.14 20.93 79.07 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 149

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.612 140th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 55.35 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.07 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 28.75 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 23.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.22 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 49.89 49.12 99.01 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.00 STEM Graduates 25.10 74.90 0.34 Firms with female top managers % firms 10.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 25.85 74.15 0.35 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 53.45 46.55 1.15 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.66 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 38.34 61.66 0.62 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.13 1.87 1.51 Education 24.54 75.46 0.33 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 9.80 90.20 0.11 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 36.65 63.35 0.58 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 11.37 12.63 24.00 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 32.61 67.39 0.48 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 35.35 64.65 0.55 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.01 0.03 0.02 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1967 Graduates from tertiary education 3.90 6.40 5.15 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 23.90 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 50.70 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 85.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 473.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 6.21 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 150

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Costa Rica 0.793 14th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Costa Rica score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.793 14th 0.796 12th 0.676 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.676 84th 0.645 94th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.524 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 31st 0.999 31st Health and Survival 0.973 60th 0.973 64th 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.524 10th 0.565 6th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 84th 0.676 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 97th 0.682 -23.38 50.04 73.42 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 94th 0.601 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 57th 0.676 -8.18 17.11 25.29 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 35th 0.673 -19.52 40.24 59.76 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 87th 0.857 -7.70 46.15 53.85 Educational Attainment 31st 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 71st 0.999 -0.13 96.69 96.81 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 11.76 136.27 148.03 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.64 51.98 63.62 Health and Survival 60th 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 70th 1.039 - - Political Empowerment 10th 0.524 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 7th 0.901 -5.20 47.40 52.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 17th 0.833 -9.09 45.46 54.55 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 40th 0.087 -41.99 4.00 46.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 151

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Costa Rica 0.793 14th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 64.28 0.96 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 21.20 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 13.70 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 8.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.60 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.59 2.59 5.18 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 120.00 8.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 4.73 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 32.20 67.80 0.47 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 40.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 42.69 57.31 0.74 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 59.34 40.66 1.46 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.82 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 15.67 9.04 11.78 Education 71.87 28.13 2.56 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 35.79 20.05 26.03 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 35.37 64.63 0.55 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 22.15 8.38 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 20.29 79.71 0.25 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.89 1.29 2.18 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 51.72 48.28 1.07 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.02 30.98 2.23 Access to financial services Restricted rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 9.72 8.92 1.09 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.13 0.33 0.22 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1949 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 36.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 27.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.55 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 152

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Côte d'Ivoire 0.650 122nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Côte d'Ivoire score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.650 122nd 0.632 133rd 0.601 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.601 111th 0.570 119th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.118 0.902 l t i o o P n 0.902 128th 0.890 128th Health and Survival 0.978 33rd 0.978 35th 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.118 112th 0.087 128th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 111th 0.601 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 74th 0.772 -16.60 56.24 72.84 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 44th 0.690 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 97th 0.591 -2.73 3.95 6.68 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 91st 0.443 -38.57 30.72 69.28 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 133rd 0.305 -53.28 23.36 76.64 Educational Attainment 128th 0.902 - - - - Literacy rate % 105th 0.931 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 103rd 0.943 -5.67 93.93 99.60 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 133rd 0.859 -9.19 56.02 65.20 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 120th 0.783 -2.41 8.71 11.12 Health and Survival 33rd 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 44th 1.056 - - Political Empowerment 112th 0.118 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 122nd 0.159 -72.60 13.70 86.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 65th 0.280 -56.25 21.88 78.13 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 153

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Côte d'Ivoire 0.650 122nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 70.04 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.33 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 26.29 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 22.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.46 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 13.95 14.22 28.16 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 14.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 91.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.32 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.05 1.97 2.44 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 37.95 24.19 30.03 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.09 4.34 7.43 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 1.82 2.18 0.84 Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Unequal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 21.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 73.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 617.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.47 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 154

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Croatia 0.730 55th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 Croatia score Index and Subindex Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.730 55th 0.639 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.639 99th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.305 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 38th Health and Survival 0.978 35th 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.305 47th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 99th 0.639 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 71st 0.785 -12.52 45.79 58.31 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 118th 0.497 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 64th 0.663 -12.88 25.35 38.24 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 98th 0.406 -42.21 28.89 71.11 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 11.02 44.49 55.51 Educational Attainment 38th 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 68th 0.995 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 5.61 97.67 103.28 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 23.16 56.81 79.97 Health and Survival 35th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 112th 0.943 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 43rd 1.056 - - Political Empowerment 47th 0.305 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 49th 0.466 -36.40 31.80 68.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 56th 0.333 -50.00 25.00 75.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 21st 0.176 -35.07 7.47 42.53 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 155

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Croatia 0.730 55th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 68.96 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 31.63 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 2.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -3.74 29.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.07 1.96 4.03 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 208.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 7.57 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 27.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 3.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.61 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.90 6.30 7.10 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 30.24 24.52 27.15 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.80 0.89 1.69 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 19.33 23.43 0.83 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1945 Graduates from tertiary education 54.15 33.68 43.65 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.96 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 8.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.48 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 156

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Cyprus 0.678 106th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Cyprus score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.678 106th 0.696 93rd 0.652 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.652 93rd 0.690 76th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.109 0.990 l t i o o P n 0.990 80th 0.991 74th Health and Survival 0.963 120th 0.960 132nd 0.963 Health Political Empowerment 0.109 117th 0.144 101st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 93rd 0.652 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 57th 0.824 -12.36 57.89 70.25 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 70th 0.626 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 93rd 0.604 -20.57 31.39 51.96 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 118th 0.266 -57.96 21.02 78.98 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.73 49.14 50.87 Educational Attainment 80th 0.990 - - - - Literacy rate % 67th 0.996 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 81st 0.995 -0.48 99.18 99.66 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 108th 0.969 -3.14 99.84 102.98 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 10.64 87.48 98.12 Health and Survival 120th 0.963 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 123rd 0.939 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 110th 1.016 - - Political Empowerment 117th 0.109 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 121st 0.167 -71.40 14.30 85.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 77th 0.231 -62.50 18.75 81.25 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 157

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Cyprus 0.678 106th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 28.41 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 41.69 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 3.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.54 30.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.63 0.63 1.25 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 16.58 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 7.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 8.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 4.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 34.48 65.52 0.53 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.66 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 55.47 44.53 1.25 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.80 6.10 6.90 Education 86.89 13.11 6.63 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 37.69 31.66 34.49 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 32.85 67.15 0.49 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 76.42 23.58 3.24 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 28.46 71.54 0.40 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.21 0.23 0.44 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 69.49 30.51 2.28 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 74.43 25.57 2.91 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 3.96 10.37 0.38 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.85 1.26 1.05 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education 30.91 26.04 28.53 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 15.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 6.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.33 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 158

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Czech Republic 0.685 101st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Czech Republic score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.685 101st 0.710 76th 0.636 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.636 101st 0.645 95th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.128 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.978 37th 0.978 41st 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.128 108th 0.216 67th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 101st 0.636 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 78th 0.764 -16.09 51.96 68.05 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 104th 0.587 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 95th 0.599 -20.54 30.62 51.16 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 101st 0.396 -43.27 28.37 71.63 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 77th 0.917 -4.32 47.84 52.16 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.75 98.32 99.06 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.98 100.46 101.44 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 22.20 57.23 79.43 Health and Survival 37th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 48th 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 108th 0.128 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 77th 0.351 -48.00 26.00 74.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 130th 0.077 -85.71 7.14 92.86 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 159

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Czech Republic 0.685 101st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 281.78 2.10 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 40.74 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 0.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -1.81 28.50 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.33 5.17 10.49 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 196.00 14.00 720.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 11.52 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 23.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.00 STEM Graduates 35.57 64.43 0.55 Firms with female top managers % firms 16.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 16.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 63.18 36.82 1.72 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.76 31.24 2.20 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.43 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 64.67 35.33 1.83 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.80 1.80 2.30 Education 83.23 16.77 4.96 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.46 23.16 28.14 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 15.57 84.43 0.18 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.24 2.78 5.02 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 59.87 40.13 1.49 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.64 31.36 2.19 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 25.44 29.98 0.85 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.45 0.92 0.68 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1993 Graduates from tertiary education 57.15 33.17 44.87 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 18.50 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 21.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 3.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.71 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 160

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Denmark 0.780 23rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Denmark score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.780 23rd 0.764 32nd 0.727 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.727 46th 0.722 54th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.432 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 40th 0.998 40th Health and Survival 0.964 112th 0.964 114th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.432 24th 0.370 32nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 46th 0.727 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 31st 0.865 -9.04 58.07 67.11 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 50th 0.667 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 25th 0.760 -15.85 50.08 65.93 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 102nd 0.393 -43.55 28.22 71.78 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.13 49.44 50.57 Educational Attainment 40th 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.65 99.00 99.65 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 87th 0.993 -0.96 130.37 131.33 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 27.28 69.56 96.85 Health and Survival 112th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 121st 1.010 - - Political Empowerment 24th 0.432 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 16th 0.773 -12.80 43.60 56.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 45th 0.467 -36.36 31.82 68.18 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 22nd 0.174 -35.17 7.42 42.58 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 161

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Denmark 0.780 23rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 398.3 3.31 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 57.96 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 0.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.43 29.80 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.96 2.93 5.88 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 42.00 14.00 182.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 4.99 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 34.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 8.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 7.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 64.31 35.69 1.80 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 65.21 34.79 1.87 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.93 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.50 4.50 4.50 Education 70.49 29.51 2.39 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 53.25 34.08 43.08 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 29.04 70.96 0.41 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.58 24.42 3.10 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 24.00 76.00 0.32 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.27 1.42 2.69 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 60.53 39.47 1.53 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 8.69 14.93 0.58 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.93 1.32 1.13 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1908, 1908, 1915 Graduates from tertiary education 71.66 47.34 59.18 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 32.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 95.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 4.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.67 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 162

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Dominican Republic 0.704 81st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Dominican Republic score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.704 81st 0.703 84th 0.699 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.699 65th 0.662 87th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.138 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 23rd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.138 104th 0.172 86th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 65th 0.699 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 100th 0.675 -24.71 51.33 76.04 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 73rd 0.623 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 79th 0.629 -8.48 14.37 22.85 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 27th 0.749 -14.35 42.82 57.18 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 18.28 40.86 59.14 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.52 88.73 90.25 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 6.94 72.03 78.97 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 34.03 42.98 77.01 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 104th 0.138 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 65th 0.387 -44.20 27.90 72.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 132nd 0.071 -86.67 6.67 93.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 163

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Dominican Republic 0.704 81st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 94.24 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 18.63 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.34 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 27.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.07 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.59 5.63 11.23 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 21.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 57.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 73.75 26.25 2.81 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.93 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 60.69 39.31 1.54 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 12.83 4.61 8.14 Education 79.13 20.87 3.79 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 37.50 24.08 29.48 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 38.40 61.60 0.62 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 16.71 3.79 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 39.41 60.59 0.65 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.77 2.34 4.11 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 54.07 45.93 1.18 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 56.97 43.03 1.32 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 6.76 4.69 1.44 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0 0 0 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 41.71 21.05 31.36 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 12.50 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 95.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.30 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 164

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ecuador 0.737 50th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Ecuador score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.737 50th 0.743 41st 0.705 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.705 61st 0.699 71st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.278 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 42nd 0.991 71st Health and Survival 0.968 85th 0.968 88th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.278 53rd 0.312 41st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 61st 0.705 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 95th 0.688 -24.41 53.85 78.26 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 92nd 0.602 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 22nd 0.767 -2.81 9.26 12.08 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 53rd 0.607 -24.46 37.77 62.23 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 6.41 46.80 53.20 Educational Attainment 42nd 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 78th 0.991 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.57 94.97 97.53 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.14 99.81 101.95 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 9.32 48.01 57.33 Health and Survival 85th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 96th 1.023 - - Political Empowerment 53rd 0.278 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 29th 0.631 -22.60 38.70 61.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 56th 0.333 -50.00 25.00 75.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 77th 0.000 -49.99 0.01 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 165

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Ecuador 0.737 50th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 106.17 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 10.67 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 7.14 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 21.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.18 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 9.02 8.98 18.00 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 17.70 STEM Graduates 29.23 70.77 0.41 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 68.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 48.78 51.22 0.95 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.53 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 59.75 40.25 1.48 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.70 3.42 3.97 Education 72.91 27.09 2.69 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 52.10 35.40 42.30 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 20.66 79.34 0.26 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 71.30 28.70 2.48 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 36.82 63.18 0.58 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.04 3.98 7.02 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 47.86 52.14 0.92 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 64.50 35.50 1.82 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 6.64 8.29 0.80 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Restricted rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1929, 1967 Graduates from tertiary education 41.87 29.99 35.85 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 37.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.15 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 59.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.05 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 166

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Egypt 0.626 134th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Egypt score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.626 134th 0.635 129th 0.420 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.420 140th 0.403 142nd Education Educational Attainment Politics0.175 0.943 0.943 119th 0.971 103rd Health and Survival 0.968 93rd 0.968 90th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.198 78th 0.175 85th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 140th 0.420 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 145th 0.222 -53.76 15.34 69.10 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 3rd 0.794 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 143rd 0.197 -15.39 3.78 19.17 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 134th 0.141 -75.27 12.37 87.63 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 114th 0.540 -29.86 35.07 64.93 Educational Attainment 119th 0.943 - - - - Literacy rate % 122nd 0.855 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 90th 0.990 -0.86 89.04 89.90 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 103rd 0.990 -0.45 42.49 42.94 Health and Survival 90th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 99th 1.022 - - Political Empowerment 85th 0.175 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 68th 0.379 -45.00 27.50 72.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 77th 0.231 -62.50 18.75 81.25 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 167

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Egypt 0.626 134th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 404.14 n. a. GDP per capita Unmet family planning constant '17, intl. $ 1000 11.57 % women 15-49 12.60 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 14.80 Population growth rate Mean age of women at birth of first child % years 1.66 n. a. Indicator Indicator Million people Female Male Value 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 54.87 56.13 110.99 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 0 0 % (OECD countries only) n. a. Gender pay gap Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 36.90 63.10 0.58 Firms with female top managers % firms 6.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 67.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 49.37 50.63 0.98 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.63 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 35.85 64.15 0.56 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.22 5.72 7.56 Education 69.15 30.85 2.24 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 32.26 17.18 19.55 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 20.93 79.07 0.26 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 55.95 44.05 1.27 and care work % 22.36 2.43 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 4.32 20.23 24.55 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 64.16 35.84 1.79 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 41.34 58.66 0.70 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 9.96 13.19 0.76 Access to land assets Restricted rights Access to non-land assets Restricted rights PhD graduates 0.24 0.36 0.31 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1956, 1979 Graduates from tertiary education 18.64 16.88 17.74 number 0 Number of female heads of state to date Seats held in upper house % total seats 13.70 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes % live births 91.50 Births attended by skilled personnel Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 37.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.96 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 168

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) El Salvador 0.714 68th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 El Salvador score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.714 68th 0.727 59th 0.619 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.619 103rd 0.628 103rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.265 0.993 l t i o o P n 0.993 69th 0.993 64th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.265 55th 0.309 43rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 103rd 0.619 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 120th 0.591 -31.39 45.40 76.79 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 115th 0.528 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 89th 0.613 -4.41 6.99 11.40 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 32nd 0.697 -17.88 41.06 58.94 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 93rd 0.810 -10.49 44.75 55.25 Educational Attainment 69th 0.993 - - - - Literacy rate % 95th 0.965 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.40 92.97 93.36 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.48 76.66 77.14 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.98 27.91 31.89 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 55th 0.265 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 69th 0.377 -45.20 27.40 72.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 30th 0.600 -25.00 37.50 62.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 169

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 El Salvador 0.714 68th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 28.74 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 9.09 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 11.09 Population sex ratio female/male 1.10 Early marriage % 21.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.34 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.32 3.02 6.34 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 24.20 STEM Graduates 23.14 76.86 0.30 Firms with female top managers % firms 28.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 69.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.68 43.32 1.31 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.99 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.82 41.18 1.43 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.47 2.96 3.17 Education 70.93 29.07 2.44 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 23.91 16.37 19.52 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 18.66 81.34 0.23 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 74.40 25.60 2.91 and care work % 20.21 7.03 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 26.16 73.84 0.35 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.06 1.38 2.44 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 50.24 49.76 1.01 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.13 30.87 2.24 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 8.71 8.49 1.03 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.04 0.04 0.04 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1939 Graduates from tertiary education 15.49 11.47 13.53 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 26.30 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 46.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.82 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 170

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Estonia 0.782 22nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Estonia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.782 22nd 0.733 52nd 0.771 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.771 25th 0.747 34th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.377 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.979 32nd 0.977 47th 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.377 31st 0.210 73rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 25th 0.771 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 55th 0.834 -11.61 58.29 69.90 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 30th 0.714 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 39th 0.718 -12.81 32.64 45.45 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 30th 0.700 -17.64 41.18 58.82 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 19.20 40.40 59.60 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.42 97.36 97.79 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 5.26 112.40 117.66 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 28.93 55.06 83.99 Health and Survival 32nd 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 115th 0.943 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 31st 0.377 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 67th 0.383 -44.60 27.70 72.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 20th 0.750 -14.29 42.86 57.14 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 24th 0.165 -35.80 7.10 42.90 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 171

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Estonia 0.782 22nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 37.19 3.21 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 38.72 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 9.30 Population sex ratio female/male 1.11 Early marriage % 0.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.11 28.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.70 0.63 1.33 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 100.00 0 475.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 19.60 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 9.10 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.20 STEM Graduates 38.38 61.62 0.62 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 9.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 57.89 42.11 1.37 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 70.45 29.55 2.38 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.87 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.65 31.35 2.19 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.40 6.30 5.90 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 38.62 26.23 32.34 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 28.89 71.11 0.41 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.33 0.34 0.66 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 63.86 36.14 1.77 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 74.38 25.62 2.90 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 8.71 13.57 0.64 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.85 1.03 0.93 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 6.05 2.32 4.16 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 9.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.58 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 172

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Eswatini 0.745 46th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Eswatini score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.745 46th 0.728 58th 0.838 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.838 6th 0.789 19th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.178 0.985 l t i o o P n 0.985 88th 0.985 86th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.178 84th 0.157 94th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 6th 0.838 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 45th 0.844 -8.72 47.13 55.85 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 19th 0.790 -2.08 7.83 9.90 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 21st 0.767 -13.16 43.42 56.58 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.66 49.17 50.83 Educational Attainment 88th 0.985 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 97th 0.984 -1.33 84.10 85.43 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 84th 0.995 -0.44 82.19 82.63 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 109th 0.944 -0.39 6.56 6.95 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 84th 0.178 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 119th 0.175 -70.20 14.90 85.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 173

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Eswatini 0.745 46th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4.74 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.86 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.23 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 4.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.98 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.61 0.60 1.20 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 14.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.90 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 27.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 58.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.08 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 34.20 33.04 33.64 Education 0 100.00 0 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 21.64 15.25 18.37 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.16 0.14 0.30 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Restricted rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1968 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 40.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 88.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 437.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.89 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Near-equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 174

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ethiopia 0.711 75th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Ethiopia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.711 75th 0.710 74th 0.587 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.587 116th 0.600 112th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.431 0.854 l t i o o P n 0.854 135th 0.854 133rd Health and Survival 0.971 67th 0.971 74th 0.971 Health Political Empowerment 0.431 25th 0.416 26th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 116th 0.587 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 88th 0.727 -21.60 57.60 79.20 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 65th 0.661 -0.94 1.84 2.79 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 108th 0.341 -49.14 25.43 74.57 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 117th 0.521 -31.50 34.25 65.75 Educational Attainment 135th 0.854 - - - - Literacy rate % 131st 0.750 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 105th 0.912 -7.16 74.08 81.24 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 113th 0.962 -1.36 34.25 35.61 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 129th 0.596 -5.27 7.76 13.03 Health and Survival 67th 0.971 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 81st 1.031 - - Political Empowerment 25th 0.431 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 23rd 0.704 -17.40 41.30 58.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 27th 0.692 -18.18 40.91 59.09 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 39th 0.095 -41.30 4.35 45.65 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 175

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Ethiopia 0.711 75th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 111.27 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.32 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 19.20 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 22.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.60 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 61.40 61.98 123.38 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 120.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 4.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 85.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.27 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.43 3.07 4.10 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 66.47 42.91 53.77 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 19.31 6.60 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 11.91 16.81 28.72 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 1.78 1.59 1.12 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1955 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 30.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 28.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 49.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 401.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.24 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 176

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Fiji 0.650 121st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Fiji score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.650 121st 0.676 107th 0.588 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.588 115th 0.586 118th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.052 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 46th 0.997 44th Health and Survival 0.965 107th 0.972 69th 0.965 Health Political Empowerment 0.052 139th 0.150 97th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 115th 0.588 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 129th 0.501 -38.44 38.55 76.99 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 120th 0.492 -7.05 6.83 13.87 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 44th 0.636 -22.23 38.89 61.12 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 91st 0.846 -8.33 45.84 54.16 Educational Attainment 46th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 83rd 0.994 -0.63 98.79 99.42 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 7.30 92.88 100.18 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 20.70 43.36 64.06 Health and Survival 107th 0.965 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 136th 0.933 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 74th 1.038 - - Political Empowerment 139th 0.052 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 130th 0.122 -78.20 10.90 89.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 135th 0.056 -89.47 5.26 94.74 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 177

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Fiji 0.650 121st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4.3 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 10.36 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 8.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.45 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.46 0.47 0.93 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 43.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.71 3.83 4.47 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 15.16 5.19 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.10 0.19 0.29 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.46 0.85 0.54 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.05 0.10 0.07 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1970 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 64.10 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 34.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.50 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 178

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Finland 0.863 3rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Finland score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.863 3rd 0.860 2nd 0.783 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.783 20th 0.789 18th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.700 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.970 71st 0.970 78th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.700 4th 0.682 2nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 20th 0.783 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 19th 0.882 -7.57 56.68 64.25 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 10th 0.763 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 31st 0.743 -14.37 41.65 56.02 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 60th 0.576 -26.91 36.54 63.46 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 3.70 48.15 51.85 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.58 98.02 98.60 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 13.82 137.48 151.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 19.57 85.51 105.08 Health and Survival 71st 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 85th 1.030 - - Political Empowerment 4th 0.700 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 13th 0.835 -9.00 45.50 54.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 28.57 35.71 64.29 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 8th 0.438 -19.53 15.23 34.77 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 179

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Finland 0.863 3rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 297.3 2.89 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 48.75 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 0.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.21 29.50 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.80 2.74 5.54 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 56.00 0 148.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 15.98 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 35.20 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.50 STEM Graduates 27.40 72.60 0.38 Firms with female top managers % firms 12.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 6.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 61.11 38.89 1.57 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 6.16 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.50 7.30 6.90 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 51.12 38.42 44.51 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 22.16 77.84 0.28 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 84.98 15.02 5.66 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.21 1.31 2.51 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 53.83 46.17 1.17 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 71.31 28.69 2.48 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 16.46 21.44 0.77 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 1.07 1.39 1.23 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 78.39 51.89 64.79 Number of female heads of state to date number 4 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 30.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 3.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.37 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 180

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) France 0.756 40th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 France score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.756 40th 0.791 15th 0.717 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.717 51st 0.737 40th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.338 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.970 76th 0.970 81st 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.338 39th 0.457 20th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 51st 0.717 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 27th 0.872 -7.64 52.20 59.84 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 82nd 0.614 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 74th 0.639 -19.95 35.35 55.30 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 52nd 0.608 -24.41 37.79 62.21 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 6.71 46.65 53.36 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.28 99.70 99.97 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.03 104.62 104.65 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 16.99 61.06 78.05 Health and Survival 76th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 89th 1.028 - - Political Empowerment 39th 0.338 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 33rd 0.608 -24.40 37.80 62.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 35th 0.545 -29.41 35.29 64.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 58th 0.035 -46.65 1.68 48.32 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 181

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 France 0.756 40th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2,957.88 2.93 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 44.99 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.07 Early marriage % 2.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.26 28.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 33.40 31.23 64.63 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 25.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 11.82 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 45.30 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 15.50 STEM Graduates 31.81 68.19 0.47 Firms with female top managers % firms 19.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 4.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 43.19 56.81 0.76 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 69.23 30.77 2.25 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.91 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.20 7.60 7.40 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 47.91 30.96 39.26 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 26.11 73.89 0.35 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.99 26.01 2.84 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 16.46 83.54 0.20 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 13.39 13.87 27.26 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 16.76 21.94 0.76 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.65 1.07 0.85 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1944 Graduates from tertiary education 57.94 42.36 49.95 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 35.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 26.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 8.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.83 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 182

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Gambia 0.651 119th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Gambia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.651 119th 0.641 121st 0.609 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.609 106th 0.604 109th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.073 0.954 l t i o o P n 0.954 114th 0.873 132nd Health and Survival 0.968 83rd 0.968 86th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.073 132nd 0.118 115th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 106th 0.609 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 40th 0.850 -9.90 56.19 66.09 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 13th 0.814 -0.43 1.86 2.29 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 120th 0.243 -60.85 19.57 80.43 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 134th 0.289 -55.11 22.44 77.56 Educational Attainment 114th 0.954 - - - - Literacy rate % 128th 0.785 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 11.56 80.23 91.79 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 18.81 105.35 124.16 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 83rd 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 94th 1.023 - - Political Empowerment 132nd 0.073 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 133rd 0.094 -82.80 8.60 91.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 99th 0.176 -70.00 15.00 85.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 183

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Gambia 0.651 119th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.04 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.08 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 25.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.53 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.36 1.35 2.71 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 180.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 12.30 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 9.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 79.50 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.01 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.25 5.24 4.27 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 12.32 7.88 10.05 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.28 0.32 0.61 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.10 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 83.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 597.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.78 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 184

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Georgia 0.708 76th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Georgia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.708 76th 0.731 55th 0.697 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.697 68th 0.697 72nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.163 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 28th 1.000 29th Health and Survival 0.974 56th 0.978 37th 0.974 Health Political Empowerment 0.163 91st 0.248 57th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 68th 0.697 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 83rd 0.753 -18.05 55.00 73.05 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 19th 0.740 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 116th 0.509 -10.28 10.66 20.93 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 62nd 0.566 -27.75 36.13 63.88 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 23.39 38.30 61.70 Educational Attainment 28th 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 61st 0.999 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.00 98.18 99.18 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.40 101.15 101.55 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.85 66.98 78.83 Health and Survival 56th 0.974 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 132nd 0.935 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 91st 0.163 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 108th 0.225 -63.20 18.40 81.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 88th 0.200 -66.67 16.67 83.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 38th 0.100 -40.93 4.53 45.47 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 185

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Georgia 0.708 76th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 18.63 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 15.49 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 23.70 Population sex ratio female/male 1.13 Early marriage % 14.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.38 25.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.98 1.76 3.74 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 0 57.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.50 STEM Graduates 38.68 61.32 0.63 Firms with female top managers % firms 16.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 55.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.35 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.53 41.47 1.41 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 11.84 14.29 13.18 Education 95.79 4.21 22.74 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 17.95 16.20 17.02 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 15.73 84.27 0.19 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.99 29.01 2.45 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 20.58 79.42 0.26 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.83 0.93 1.76 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 68.13 31.87 2.14 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 64.61 35.39 1.83 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 3.26 2.76 1.18 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.46 0.58 0.51 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918, 1921 Graduates from tertiary education 44.26 30.68 37.04 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 6.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 25.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.97 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 186

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Germany 0.815 6th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Germany score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.815 6th 0.801 10th 0.665 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.665 88th 0.695 75th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.634 0.989 l t i o o P n 0.989 82nd 0.988 81st Health and Survival 0.972 64th 0.972 70th 0.972 Health Political Empowerment 0.634 5th 0.550 8th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 88th 0.665 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 49th 0.843 -10.36 55.46 65.82 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 89th 0.606 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 102nd 0.572 -29.08 38.83 67.91 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 95th 0.413 -41.58 29.21 70.79 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 3.16 48.42 51.58 Educational Attainment 82nd 0.989 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.35 97.29 98.64 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 117th 0.954 -4.59 94.73 99.31 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 4.02 71.07 75.08 Health and Survival 64th 0.972 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 77th 1.035 - - Political Empowerment 5th 0.634 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 40th 0.541 -29.80 35.10 64.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 5th 0.495 -16.90 16.55 33.45 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 187

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Germany 0.815 6th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4,259.93 2.42 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 53.18 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 0.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.04 29.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 42.23 41.14 83.37 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 300.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 14.20 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 36.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 12.90 STEM Graduates 27.56 72.44 0.38 Firms with female top managers % firms 14.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 3.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 42.32 57.68 0.73 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 69.76 30.24 2.31 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.79 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.00 3.40 3.20 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 59.02 28.25 42.63 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 21.12 78.88 0.27 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.58 29.42 2.40 and care work % 16.40 10.40 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 19.41 80.59 0.24 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 18.44 20.99 39.44 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 46.76 53.24 0.88 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 65.70 34.30 1.92 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 17.83 22.63 0.79 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 1.03 2.01 1.51 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 47.56 41.92 44.61 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 40.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 22.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 7.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.53 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 188

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ghana 0.688 100th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Ghana score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.688 100th 0.672 108th 0.682 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.682 80th 0.608 108th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.119 0.974 l t i o o P n 0.974 105th 0.968 104th Health and Survival 0.978 36th 0.978 40th 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.119 111th 0.135 105th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 80th 0.682 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 4th 0.946 -3.96 69.49 73.45 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 45th 0.690 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 96th 0.597 -2.74 4.07 6.81 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 80th 0.509 -32.55 33.73 66.28 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 108th 0.592 -25.64 37.18 62.82 Educational Attainment 105th 0.974 - - - - Literacy rate % 116th 0.902 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.79 93.14 94.93 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.75 79.58 80.33 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 110th 0.937 -1.27 18.89 20.16 Health and Survival 36th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 47th 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 111th 0.119 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 120th 0.171 -70.80 14.60 85.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 68th 0.267 -57.89 21.05 78.95 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 189

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Ghana 0.688 100th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 77.59 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.44 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 33.60 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 8.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.01 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 16.78 16.70 33.48 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 14.70 STEM Graduates 19.76 80.24 0.25 Firms with female top managers % firms 14.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 78.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 26.78 73.22 0.37 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 46.23 53.77 0.86 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.78 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.67 3.42 3.55 Education 42.11 57.89 0.73 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 35.64 29.83 32.84 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 16.41 83.59 0.20 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 60.85 39.15 1.55 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 19.87 80.13 0.25 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.22 4.77 9.98 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 26.76 73.24 0.37 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training 0.79 2.17 0.36 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1954 Graduates from tertiary education 8.55 10.50 9.55 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 24.40 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 78.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 308.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.62 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 190

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Greece 0.693 93rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Greece score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.693 93rd 0.689 100th 0.676 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.676 82nd 0.672 83rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.140 0.990 l t i o o P n 0.990 81st 0.986 84th Health and Survival 0.967 96th 0.966 98th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.140 102nd 0.130 108th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 82nd 0.676 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 86th 0.743 -15.02 43.53 58.55 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 65th 0.641 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 67th 0.658 -12.25 23.55 35.80 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 94th 0.420 -40.80 29.60 70.40 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 4.31 47.84 52.16 Educational Attainment 81st 0.990 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.53 98.85 99.38 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 116th 0.955 -4.87 103.05 107.92 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.00 149.41 152.40 Health and Survival 96th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 121st 0.940 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 87th 1.029 - - Political Empowerment 102nd 0.140 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 90th 0.266 -58.00 21.00 79.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 120th 0.118 -78.95 10.53 89.47 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 45th 0.065 -43.93 3.04 46.96 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 191

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Greece 0.693 93rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 214.87 1.77 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 29.55 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.04 Early marriage % 1.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.54 30.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.30 5.08 10.38 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 119.00 18.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 5.91 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 19.60 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.50 STEM Graduates 40.09 59.91 0.67 Firms with female top managers % firms 17.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 6.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 47.79 52.21 0.92 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 73.94 26.06 2.84 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.66 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.56 41.44 1.41 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.60 9.30 12.60 Education 85.19 14.81 5.75 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.55 18.85 25.48 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.59 29.41 2.40 and care work % 18.12 7.01 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 35.69 64.31 0.55 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.98 2.50 4.48 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 52.37 47.63 1.10 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 63.75 36.25 1.76 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 10.79 15.40 0.70 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.45 1.00 0.72 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1949, 1952 Graduates from tertiary education 52.15 36.11 43.99 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 19.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 3.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.34 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 192

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Guatemala 0.659 117th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Guatemala score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.659 117th 0.664 113th 0.580 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.580 117th 0.589 117th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.094 0.982 l t i o o P n 0.982 94th 0.976 98th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.094 123rd 0.113 119th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 117th 0.580 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 131st 0.452 -45.82 37.84 83.66 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 98th 0.595 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 126th 0.458 -6.66 5.63 12.29 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 58th 0.581 -26.49 36.75 63.25 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 72nd 0.971 -1.48 49.26 50.74 Educational Attainment 94th 0.982 - - - - Literacy rate % 114th 0.903 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.26 89.96 91.21 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.80 46.73 47.53 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.28 20.52 23.81 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 123rd 0.094 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 101st 0.241 -61.20 19.40 80.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 130th 0.077 -85.71 7.14 92.86 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 193

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Guatemala 0.659 117th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 85.99 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.93 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 13.90 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 21.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.48 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 9.01 8.83 17.84 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 18.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 18.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 79.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 30.86 69.14 0.45 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 55.97 44.03 1.27 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.66 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 54.93 45.07 1.22 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.77 2.28 3.23 Education 71.41 28.59 2.50 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 42.62 22.75 29.36 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 34.98 65.02 0.54 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.51 29.49 2.39 and care work % 19.48 2.61 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.12 3.40 5.52 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 45.21 54.79 0.83 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 64.34 35.66 1.80 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 8.73 7.75 1.13 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946, 1985 Graduates from tertiary education 5.12 3.92 4.52 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 18.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 69.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 95.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.48 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 194

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Guinea 0.617 137th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Guinea score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.617 137th 0.647 118th 0.576 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.576 119th 0.712 60th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.217 0.710 l t i o o P n 0.710 143rd 0.687 143rd Health and Survival 0.966 102nd 0.966 101st 0.966 Health Political Empowerment 0.217 70th 0.225 65th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 119th 0.576 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 107th 0.658 -22.32 42.87 65.19 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 20th 0.736 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 108th 0.550 -1.54 1.88 3.42 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 112th 0.305 -53.24 23.38 76.62 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 128th 0.414 -41.42 29.29 70.71 Educational Attainment 143rd 0.710 - - - - Literacy rate % 144th 0.511 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 109th 0.852 -13.66 78.66 92.32 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 137th 0.722 -11.61 30.22 41.82 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 134th 0.459 -4.97 4.21 9.18 Health and Survival 102nd 0.966 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 111th 1.016 - - Political Empowerment 70th 0.217 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 54th 0.420 -40.80 29.60 70.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 55th 0.350 -48.15 25.93 74.07 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 195

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Guinea 0.617 137th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 16.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.64 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.10 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 34.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.44 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 7.00 6.85 13.86 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 5.30 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 5.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.48 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.19 5.13 5.16 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.23 1.66 2.89 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training 0.79 0.83 0.95 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.03 0.16 0.09 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1958 Graduates from tertiary education 3.19 8.08 5.64 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 80.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 55.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 576.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.49 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 196

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Honduras 0.735 53rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Honduras score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.735 53rd 0.705 82nd 0.699 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.699 66th 0.643 96th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.278 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.964 110th 0.964 112th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.278 52nd 0.213 71st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 66th 0.699 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 110th 0.651 -25.92 48.40 74.32 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 96th 0.598 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 20th 0.789 -1.31 4.91 6.22 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 36th 0.669 -19.82 40.09 59.91 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 80th 0.910 -4.72 47.64 52.36 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.51 80.08 82.60 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.08 0.46 0.54 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 8.33 21.37 29.70 Health and Survival 110th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 119th 1.010 - - Political Empowerment 52nd 0.278 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 71st 0.376 -45.40 27.30 72.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 29th 0.615 -23.81 38.10 61.91 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 63rd 0.022 -47.82 1.09 48.91 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 197

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Honduras 0.735 53rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 28.49 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.57 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.87 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 27.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.54 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.17 5.27 10.43 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 26.50 STEM Graduates 37.79 62.21 0.61 Firms with female top managers % firms 28.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 82.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 24.73 75.27 0.33 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.50 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 62.38 37.62 1.66 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 14.46 8.47 11.11 Education 75.47 24.53 3.08 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 40.29 24.48 30.62 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 38.50 61.50 0.63 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.47 26.53 2.77 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 27.14 72.86 0.37 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.43 1.79 3.23 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1955 Graduates from tertiary education 13.51 8.11 10.76 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 21.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 65.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.39 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 198

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Hungary 0.689 99th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Hungary score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.689 99th 0.699 88th 0.701 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.701 62nd 0.703 67th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.079 0.995 l t i o o P n 0.995 58th 0.998 42nd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.079 130th 0.114 117th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 62nd 0.701 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 69th 0.788 -14.23 52.81 67.04 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 85th 0.614 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 61st 0.666 -13.56 27.08 40.64 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 59th 0.577 -26.81 36.60 63.40 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 13.76 43.12 56.88 Educational Attainment 58th 0.995 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 85th 0.992 -0.79 94.09 94.88 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 83rd 0.995 -0.53 102.78 103.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.63 49.49 61.12 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 130th 0.079 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 124th 0.151 -73.80 13.10 86.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 127th 0.100 -81.82 9.09 90.91 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 67th 0.016 -48.38 0.81 49.19 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 199

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Hungary 0.689 99th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 181.85 2.39 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 33.59 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.09 Early marriage % 0.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.41 28.40 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.18 4.79 9.97 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 168.00 7.00 225.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 12.35 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 9.40 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 15.30 STEM Graduates 31.68 68.32 0.46 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 10.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 48.35 51.65 0.94 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.67 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 65.24 34.76 1.88 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.50 3.80 3.70 Education 84.76 15.24 5.56 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 33.32 21.75 27.15 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 29.85 70.15 0.43 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.65 26.35 2.79 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 16.70 83.30 0.20 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.16 2.43 4.58 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 52.23 47.77 1.09 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.59 31.41 2.18 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 20.28 23.98 0.85 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.55 0.85 0.69 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918, 1945, 1953 Graduates from tertiary education 174.74 104.18 138.56 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 21.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 12.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.56 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 200

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Iceland 0.912 1st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Iceland score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.912 1st 0.908 1st 0.796 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.796 14th 0.803 11th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.901 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 79th 0.993 68th Health and Survival 0.961 128th 0.964 121st 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.901 1st 0.874 1st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 14th 0.796 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 14th 0.894 -8.25 69.27 77.52 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 5th 0.784 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 33rd 0.742 -15.80 45.49 61.29 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 54th 0.602 -24.86 37.57 62.43 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 9.99 45.01 55.00 Educational Attainment 79th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 74th 0.998 -0.17 99.46 99.63 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 111th 0.962 -4.39 112.13 116.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 55.01 57.41 112.42 Health and Survival 128th 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 117th 0.941 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 128th 1.008 - - Political Empowerment 1st 0.901 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 6th 0.908 -4.80 47.60 52.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 25th 0.714 -16.67 41.67 58.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 1st 1.000 1.14 24.43 25.57 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 201

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Iceland 0.912 1st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 25.6 3.34 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 53.59 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.95 Early marriage % 0.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.64 28.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.18 0.19 0.37 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 180.00 180.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 12.90 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 47.10 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 1.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 6.07 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.50 4.30 3.90 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 59.80 38.10 48.03 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.08 0.10 0.19 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 5.53 12.72 0.44 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.95 1.85 1.42 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1882, 1908, 1915, 1920 Graduates from tertiary education 69.36 39.99 54.34 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 22.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 4.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.72 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 202

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) India 0.643 127th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 India score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.643 127th 0.629 135th 0.367 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.367 142nd 0.350 143rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.253 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 26th 0.961 107th Health and Survival 0.950 142nd 0.937 146th 0.950 Health Political Empowerment 0.253 59th 0.267 48th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 142nd 0.367 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 139th 0.371 -47.88 28.26 76.14 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 116th 0.511 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 141st 0.228 -8.12 2.40 10.52 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 124th 0.190 -68.13 15.94 84.07 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 121st 0.465 -36.51 31.74 68.25 Educational Attainment 26th 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.91 96.53 98.44 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 80th 1.000 -0.03 78.75 78.78 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 2.60 30.85 33.45 Health and Survival 142nd 0.950 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 140th 0.927 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 137th 1.002 - - Political Empowerment 59th 0.253 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 117th 0.178 -69.80 15.10 84.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 132nd 0.071 -86.67 6.67 93.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 10th 0.407 -21.06 14.47 35.53 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 203

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 India 0.643 127th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 3,176.3 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 6.59 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 9.40 Population sex ratio female/male 0.94 Early marriage % 21.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.80 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 685.99 731.18 1417.17 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 182.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 17.10 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 1.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 8.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 89.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 27.50 72.50 0.38 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.74 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 46.80 53.20 0.88 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.66 5.06 4.95 Education 61.07 38.93 1.57 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 30.83 69.17 0.45 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 61.55 38.45 1.60 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 112.08 293.57 405.66 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 51.37 48.63 1.06 Labour-force n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance Social Sci., Journalism & Information 55.11 44.89 1.23 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Access to financial services Near-equal rights Vocational training 1.51 3.16 0.48 Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Access to land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights Civil and political freedom Graduates % Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Graduates from tertiary education 34.30 28.23 31.09 Year women received right to vote year 1937, 1950 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Health Seats held in upper house % total seats 13.80 Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 28.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 89.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes 145.00 Total fertility rate births per woman 2.05 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Access to justice Near-equal rights Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 204

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Indonesia 0.697 87th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Indonesia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.697 87th 0.697 92nd 0.666 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.666 87th 0.674 80th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.181 0.972 l t i o o P n 0.972 106th 0.972 102nd Health and Survival 0.970 73rd 0.970 77th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.181 81st 0.169 90th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 87th 0.666 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 112th 0.645 -28.95 52.50 81.45 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 12th 0.750 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 114th 0.519 -7.49 8.09 15.58 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 87th 0.463 -36.67 31.67 68.33 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.00 49.50 50.50 Educational Attainment 106th 0.972 - - - - Literacy rate % 92nd 0.970 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 102nd 0.952 -4.59 92.02 96.61 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.20 87.84 90.04 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 5.24 33.75 38.99 Health and Survival 73rd 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 112th 0.943 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 84th 1.030 - - Political Empowerment 81st 0.181 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 89th 0.276 -56.80 21.60 78.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 72nd 0.261 -58.62 20.69 79.31 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 43rd 0.069 -43.51 3.25 46.75 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 205

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Indonesia 0.697 87th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,186.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 11.86 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 10.60 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 13.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.69 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 136.80 138.70 275.50 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 12.20 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 18.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 22.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 80.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 58.86 41.14 1.43 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.02 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 57.93 42.07 1.38 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.36 3.90 3.69 Education 69.58 30.42 2.29 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 44.82 28.97 35.18 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 24.92 75.08 0.33 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 34.67 65.33 0.53 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 46.45 73.51 119.95 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 50.56 49.44 1.02 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 11.89 13.67 0.87 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.03 0.06 0.04 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1945, 2003 Graduates from tertiary education 25.27 17.31 21.20 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 18.30 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 177.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.19 Access to justice Unequal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Near-equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 206

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.575 143rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Iran (Islamic Republic of) score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.575 143rd 0.576 143rd 0.344 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.344 144th 0.343 144th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.031 0.960 l t i o o P n 0.960 112th 0.963 106th Health and Survival 0.964 116th 0.964 118th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.031 143rd 0.036 142nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 144th 0.344 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 146th 0.204 -54.17 13.88 68.05 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 113th 0.542 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 145th 0.171 -21.08 4.36 25.44 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 122nd 0.219 -64.04 17.98 82.02 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 116th 0.534 -30.37 34.81 65.19 Educational Attainment 112th 0.960 - - - - Literacy rate % 110th 0.920 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 91st 0.990 -0.94 88.89 89.83 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 108th 0.965 -2.06 57.18 59.24 Health and Survival 116th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 125th 1.008 - - Political Empowerment 143rd 0.031 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 137th 0.059 -88.80 5.60 94.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 137th 0.053 -90.00 5.00 95.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 207

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.575 143rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 359.71 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 15.00 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 21.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.72 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 43.84 44.72 88.55 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 180.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 31.16 68.84 0.45 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 47.53 52.47 0.91 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 64.14 35.86 1.79 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.18 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 16.18 8.12 9.45 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 55.69 26.91 32.16 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 22.66 77.34 0.29 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 39.11 60.89 0.64 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.77 19.46 23.23 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 68.02 31.98 2.13 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 55.46 44.54 1.25 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 6.47 10.53 0.61 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.30 0.43 0.37 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1963 Graduates from tertiary education 26.06 25.72 25.89 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 66.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 16.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.71 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Unequal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 208

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ireland 0.795 11th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Ireland score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.795 11th 0.804 9th 0.732 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.732 41st 0.746 35th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.482 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.964 111th 0.964 113th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.482 17th 0.507 11th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 41st 0.732 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 51st 0.839 -11.09 57.86 68.95 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 46th 0.687 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 78th 0.632 -46.34 79.53 125.87 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 49th 0.613 -23.98 38.01 61.99 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 2.99 48.51 51.49 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 13.20 128.77 141.98 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.97 68.78 80.76 Health and Survival 111th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 120th 1.010 - - Political Empowerment 17th 0.482 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 85th 0.300 -53.80 23.10 76.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 62nd 0.300 -53.85 23.08 76.92 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 3rd 0.712 -8.43 20.79 29.21 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 209

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Ireland 0.795 11th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 504.18 1.64 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 102.50 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 0.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.95 30.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.53 2.49 5.02 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 182.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 8.28 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 30.20 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 6.10 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 15.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 2.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 39.55 60.45 0.65 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 59.10 40.90 1.44 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.44 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 49.52 50.48 0.98 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.70 4.50 4.60 Education 71.31 28.69 2.48 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 38.80 20.73 29.14 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 17.56 82.44 0.21 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 76.42 23.58 3.24 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.08 1.24 2.32 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 61.53 38.47 1.60 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 5.62 7.71 0.73 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.85 1.13 0.99 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918, 1922 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 39.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 15.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.63 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 210

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Israel 0.701 83rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Israel score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.701 83rd 0.727 60th 0.688 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.688 75th 0.701 69th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.150 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.964 109th 0.964 111th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.150 96th 0.241 61st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 75th 0.688 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 16th 0.890 -7.38 59.73 67.11 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 81st 0.615 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 84th 0.626 -19.36 32.41 51.76 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 96th 0.409 -41.91 29.05 70.95 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 11.89 44.06 55.95 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.58 104.17 105.75 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 23.14 49.81 72.95 Health and Survival 109th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 118th 1.011 - - Political Empowerment 96th 0.150 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 82nd 0.319 -51.60 24.20 75.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 109th 0.143 -75.00 12.50 87.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 55th 0.036 -46.55 1.73 48.27 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 211

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Israel 0.701 83rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 488.53 1.89 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 42.06 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 2.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.60 27.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.53 4.51 9.04 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 24.32 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 26.70 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 3.10 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 10.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 48.21 51.79 0.93 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.16 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.82 5.06 4.94 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 46.19 27.27 36.38 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.71 1.84 3.54 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 18.20 15.13 1.20 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 1.15 1.75 1.44 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1948 Graduates from tertiary education 50.58 30.32 40.19 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 3.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.90 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 212

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Italy 0.705 79th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Italy score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.705 79th 0.720 63rd 0.618 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.618 104th 0.603 110th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.241 0.995 l t i o o P n 0.995 60th 0.995 59th Health and Survival 0.967 95th 0.965 108th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.241 64th 0.319 40th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 104th 0.618 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 93rd 0.696 -17.53 40.11 57.64 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 80th 0.616 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 107th 0.550 -24.49 29.99 54.48 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 100th 0.401 -42.78 28.61 71.39 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 86th 0.885 -6.08 46.96 53.04 Educational Attainment 60th 0.995 - - - - Literacy rate % 65th 0.997 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 77th 0.997 -0.28 95.65 95.94 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 95th 0.985 -1.50 100.14 101.64 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 21.43 59.16 80.59 Health and Survival 95th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 105th 1.020 - - Political Empowerment 64th 0.241 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 48th 0.477 -35.40 32.30 67.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 53rd 0.364 -46.67 26.67 73.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 72nd 0.007 -49.29 0.36 49.64 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 213

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Italy 0.705 79th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2,107.7 1.42 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 41.93 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 0.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.56 31.40 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 30.25 28.79 59.04 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 150.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 7.64 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 38.80 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 15.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 11.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 50.36 49.64 1.01 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 71.17 28.83 2.47 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.38 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.50 7.30 8.20 Education 93.34 6.66 14.01 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 50.67 24.67 35.64 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 20.40 8.40 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 10.15 13.47 23.63 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 57.95 42.05 1.38 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 71.43 28.57 2.50 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 15.67 25.59 0.61 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.38 0.43 0.40 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1945 Graduates from tertiary education 50.96 34.38 42.35 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 34.50 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 19.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 2.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.24 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 214

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Jamaica 0.779 24th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Jamaica score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.779 24th 0.749 38th 0.894 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.894 2nd 0.798 14th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.263 0.993 l t i o o P n 0.993 68th 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.967 94th 0.967 95th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.263 57th 0.230 63rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 2nd 0.894 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 59th 0.818 -12.65 57.01 69.66 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 9th 0.833 -1.75 8.73 10.48 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 13.37 43.31 56.69 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 15.78 42.11 57.89 Educational Attainment 68th 0.993 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 97th 0.985 -0.01 0.50 0.50 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 14.81 19.88 34.69 Health and Survival 94th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 104th 1.020 - - Political Empowerment 57th 0.263 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 59th 0.401 -42.80 28.60 71.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 56th 0.333 -50.00 25.00 75.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 30th 0.126 -38.77 5.61 44.39 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 215

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Jamaica 0.779 24th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.66 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 9.60 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 3.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.26 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.43 1.40 2.83 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 56.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 58.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.45 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.57 4.45 5.43 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 12.98 9.53 11.06 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.50 0.59 1.10 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1962 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 38.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 19.70 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 80.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.36 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 216

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Japan 0.647 125th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Japan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.647 125th 0.650 116th 0.561 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.561 123rd 0.564 121st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.057 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 47th 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.973 59th 0.973 63rd 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.057 138th 0.061 139th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 123rd 0.561 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 81st 0.759 -17.20 54.20 71.40 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 75th 0.621 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 100th 0.577 -22.05 30.07 52.12 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 133rd 0.148 -74.19 12.90 87.10 - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 47th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.24 97.33 97.57 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.40 99.95 100.35 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 105th 0.976 -1.60 64.47 66.07 Health and Survival 59th 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 69th 1.039 - - Political Empowerment 138th 0.057 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 131st 0.111 -80.00 10.00 90.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 128th 0.091 -83.33 8.33 91.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 217

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Japan 0.647 125th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4,940.88 2.00 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 40.78 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 0.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.46 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 63.71 60.24 123.95 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 28.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 22.11 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 12.60 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 41.75 58.25 0.72 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.35 31.65 2.16 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.13 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.50 2.90 2.70 Education 71.17 28.83 2.47 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 52.89 25.39 37.62 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 14.01 85.99 0.16 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 64.22 35.78 1.79 and care work % 15.14 3.12 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 28.12 35.19 63.30 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 48.57 51.43 0.94 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1945, 1947 Graduates from tertiary education 46.61 50.81 48.76 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 25.80 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 15.40 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.34 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 218

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Jordan 0.646 126th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Jordan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.646 126th 0.639 122nd 0.542 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.542 125th 0.537 125th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.093 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 66th 0.993 66th Health and Survival 0.957 138th 0.957 136th 0.957 Health Political Empowerment 0.093 124th 0.069 136th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 125th 0.542 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 144th 0.227 -46.90 13.81 60.71 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 32nd 0.713 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 138th 0.242 -11.02 3.52 14.53 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 14.49 42.76 57.24 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 106th 0.610 -24.20 37.90 62.10 Educational Attainment 66th 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 71st 0.994 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 91st 0.988 -0.92 79.07 79.99 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.44 71.25 72.69 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 8.80 29.75 38.54 Health and Survival 138th 0.957 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 144th 0.987 - - Political Empowerment 124th 0.093 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 127th 0.140 -75.40 12.30 87.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 88th 0.200 -66.67 16.67 83.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 219

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Jordan 0.646 126th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 45.74 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 9.22 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 14.20 Population sex ratio female/male 0.93 Early marriage % 11.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.99 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.44 5.85 11.29 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 70.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.10 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 3.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 51.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 37.58 62.42 0.60 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 70.21 29.79 2.36 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.19 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 46.88 53.12 0.88 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 26.28 18.71 19.99 Education 70.76 29.24 2.42 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 15.21 9.75 10.59 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 34.79 65.21 0.53 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 64.39 35.61 1.81 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.41 2.02 2.43 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 66.22 33.78 1.96 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 1.24 1.52 0.82 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.33 1.13 0.72 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1974, 1982 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 15.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 23.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 46.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.87 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Unequal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 220

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ka2akhstan 0.721 62nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Kazakhstan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.721 62nd 0.719 65th 0.765 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.765 28th 0.756 29th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.146 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 27th 1.000 27th Health and Survival 0.975 47th 0.977 44th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.146 100th 0.143 103rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 28th 0.765 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 46th 0.844 -11.80 63.70 75.50 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 34th 0.708 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 50th 0.688 -9.74 21.42 31.16 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 31st 0.698 -17.78 41.11 58.89 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 24.00 38.00 62.00 Educational Attainment 27th 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 58th 0.999 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.60 90.09 90.70 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.14 103.69 103.82 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 13.44 64.14 77.58 Health and Survival 47th 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 125th 0.938 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 100th 0.146 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 69th 0.377 -45.20 27.40 72.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 120th 0.118 -78.95 10.53 89.47 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 221

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Kazakhstan 0.721 62nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 197.11 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 26.11 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.47 Population sex ratio female/male 1.08 Early marriage % 6.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.30 28.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 10.06 9.34 19.40 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 0 309.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 23.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 26.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 37.52 62.48 0.60 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 66.55 33.45 1.99 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.94 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 50.68 49.32 1.03 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.41 4.46 4.92 Education 76.08 23.92 3.18 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 11.90 6.54 9.13 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.45 71.55 0.40 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 18.96 6.25 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 30.40 69.60 0.44 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.93 4.15 8.09 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 66.97 33.03 2.03 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 17.34 19.82 0.88 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1924, 1991 Graduates from tertiary education 78.64 59.21 68.65 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 22.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 10.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.13 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 222

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Kenya 0.708 77th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Kenya score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.708 77th 0.729 57th 0.791 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.791 16th 0.811 6th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.209 0.858 l t i o o P n 0.858 134th 0.939 118th Health and Survival 0.975 53rd 0.975 57th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.209 75th 0.192 81st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 16th 0.791 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 33rd 0.862 -10.10 62.90 73.00 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 55th 0.661 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 8th 0.839 -0.83 4.33 5.16 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 11th 0.985 -0.75 49.62 50.38 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 100th 0.677 -19.27 40.37 59.63 Educational Attainment 134th 0.858 - - - - Literacy rate % 102nd 0.934 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - - Enrolment in secondary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 124th 0.737 -3.47 9.73 13.20 Health and Survival 53rd 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 63rd 1.045 - - Political Empowerment 75th 0.209 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 84th 0.304 -53.40 23.30 76.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 45th 0.467 -36.36 31.82 68.18 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 223

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Kenya 0.708 77th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 110.35 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 4.74 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.71 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 13.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.94 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 27.25 26.78 54.03 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.20 STEM Graduates 30.73 69.27 0.44 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 86.50 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 37.28 62.72 0.59 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 47.74 52.26 0.91 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.43 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 46.98 53.02 0.89 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.63 5.08 5.34 Education 49.15 50.85 0.97 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 31.50 20.70 25.85 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 19.46 80.54 0.24 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 49.06 50.94 0.96 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 30.10 69.90 0.43 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 7.79 8.46 16.25 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 37.99 62.01 0.61 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 56.16 43.84 1.28 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 31.80 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 39.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 70.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 342.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.40 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 224

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Korea2 Republic of 0.680 105th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Korea, Republic of score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.680 105th 0.689 99th 0.597 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.597 114th 0.592 115th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.169 0.977 l t i o o P n 0.977 104th 0.976 97th Health and Survival 0.976 46th 0.976 52nd 0.976 Health Political Empowerment 0.169 88th 0.212 72nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 114th 0.597 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 85th 0.747 -18.62 55.04 73.66 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 76th 0.620 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 119th 0.495 -29.90 29.30 59.21 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 128th 0.171 -70.80 14.60 85.40 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 0.78 49.61 50.39 Educational Attainment 104th 0.977 - - - - Literacy rate % 74th 0.992 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 69th 0.999 -0.08 98.55 98.64 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 85th 0.994 -0.54 95.76 96.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 115th 0.833 -18.56 92.79 111.35 Health and Survival 46th 0.976 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 57th 1.047 - - Political Empowerment 88th 0.169 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 102nd 0.236 -61.80 19.10 80.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 88th 0.200 -66.67 16.67 83.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 36th 0.104 -40.55 4.73 45.27 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 225

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Korea, Republic of 0.680 105th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,810.96 1.55 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 44.23 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 0.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.18 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 25.95 25.87 51.82 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 10.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 31.06 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 8.70 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 25.22 74.78 0.34 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 26.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 44.83 55.17 0.81 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 66.04 33.96 1.94 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.56 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 49.02 50.98 0.96 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.00 2.74 2.85 Education 77.27 22.73 3.40 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 38.21 22.77 29.48 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 20.05 79.95 0.25 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 71.48 28.52 2.51 and care work % 14.10 4.38 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 11.86 15.86 27.72 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 49.20 50.80 0.97 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 60.17 39.83 1.51 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 11.70 15.62 0.75 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.39 1.17 0.77 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1948 Graduates from tertiary education 57.22 50.32 53.62 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 100.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 11.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 0.84 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 226

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Kuwait 0.651 120th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Kuwait score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.651 120th 0.632 130th 0.579 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.579 118th 0.542 123rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.059 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 51st 0.997 47th Health and Survival 0.968 87th 0.968 89th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.059 137th 0.023 145th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 118th 0.579 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 126th 0.568 -37.96 49.89 87.85 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 62nd 0.651 - - - Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 - - - - - 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 130th 0.158 -72.77 13.61 86.39 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 76th 0.932 -3.50 48.25 51.75 Educational Attainment 51st 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 84th 0.982 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 11.53 75.50 87.03 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 6.03 94.92 100.96 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 29.55 45.21 74.76 Health and Survival 87th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 97th 1.023 - - Political Empowerment 137th 0.059 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 135th 0.067 -87.40 6.30 93.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 106th 0.154 -73.33 13.33 86.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 227

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Kuwait 0.651 120th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 105.96 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 43.92 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.64 Early marriage % 5.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -2.56 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.67 2.60 4.27 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 70.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.42 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.84 0.96 2.19 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.64 1.91 2.55 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Uneven rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Unequal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 2005 Graduates from tertiary education 57.31 20.59 37.61 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 12.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.14 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Uneven rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 228

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Kyrgyzstan 0.700 84th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 KyrgyCstan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.700 84th 0.700 86th 0.694 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.694 71st 0.702 68th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.128 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 29th 0.996 50th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.128 107th 0.124 111th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 71st 0.694 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 103rd 0.673 -25.52 52.49 78.01 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 29th 0.714 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 122nd 0.478 -3.43 3.13 6.56 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 26th 0.750 -14.31 42.85 57.15 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 20.19 39.91 60.09 Educational Attainment 29th 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 62nd 0.998 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.18 98.37 98.55 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.50 100.08 100.58 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.68 47.73 59.41 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 107th 0.128 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 96th 0.250 -60.00 20.00 80.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 109th 0.143 -75.00 12.50 87.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 60th 0.034 -46.70 1.65 48.35 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 229

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Kyrgyzstan 0.700 84th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 8.54 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 4.81 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 19.73 Population sex ratio female/male 1.04 Early marriage % 13.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.69 22.60 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.38 3.26 6.63 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 26.90 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 32.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 63.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 25.89 74.11 0.35 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 73.63 26.37 2.79 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.93 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.42 4.04 4.19 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 41.93 17.03 27.30 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 18.38 81.62 0.23 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.96 26.04 2.84 and care work % 16.81 9.51 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 47.43 52.57 0.90 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.03 1.40 2.43 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 72.94 27.06 2.70 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 5.65 8.06 0.70 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1991 Graduates from tertiary education 36.49 26.87 31.59 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 60.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.00 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 230

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Lao PDR 0.733 54th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Lao PDR score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.733 54th 0.733 53rd 0.851 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.851 5th 0.883 1st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.140 0.964 l t i o o P n 0.964 107th 0.958 109th Health and Survival 0.975 50th 0.975 55th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.140 101st 0.116 116th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 5th 0.851 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 20th 0.882 -7.53 56.10 63.63 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 14th 0.746 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 18th 0.791 -1.83 6.92 8.76 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 18.08 40.96 59.04 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 0.84 49.58 50.42 Educational Attainment 107th 0.964 - - - - Literacy rate % 113th 0.905 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 96th 0.985 -1.38 91.64 93.03 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 118th 0.953 -2.87 58.34 61.21 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 1.76 12.11 13.87 Health and Survival 50th 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 61st 1.045 - - Political Empowerment 101st 0.140 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 87th 0.282 -56.00 22.00 78.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 81st 0.214 -64.71 17.65 82.35 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 231

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Lao PDR 0.733 54th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 18.83 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 7.85 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 13.30 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 19.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.43 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.73 3.79 7.53 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 35.50 STEM Graduates 28.95 71.05 0.41 Firms with female top managers % firms 43.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 88.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 44.74 55.26 0.81 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.56 43.44 1.30 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.59 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 0.92 1.57 1.26 Education 60.71 39.29 1.55 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 55.64 49.82 52.62 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 17.95 82.05 0.22 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 67.14 32.86 2.04 and care work % 13.60 10.06 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 40.82 59.18 0.69 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.34 1.49 2.83 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 55.00 45.00 1.22 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 2.90 3.17 0.92 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1958 Graduates from tertiary education 8.75 8.83 8.79 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 15.30 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 64.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 185.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.54 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 232

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Latvia 0.794 13th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Latvia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.794 13th 0.771 26th 0.775 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.775 22nd 0.803 9th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.424 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 25th Health and Survival 0.975 52nd 0.979 34th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.424 27th 0.301 45th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 22nd 0.775 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 64th 0.807 -13.00 54.32 67.32 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 39th 0.701 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 56th 0.679 -12.45 26.31 38.75 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 17th 0.848 -8.22 45.89 54.11 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 26.52 36.74 63.26 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.67 98.37 99.04 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.48 105.73 106.20 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 28.79 80.65 109.44 Health and Survival 52nd 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 129th 0.937 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 27th 0.424 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 57th 0.408 -42.00 29.00 71.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 20th 0.750 -14.29 42.86 57.14 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 15th 0.254 -29.77 10.12 39.89 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 233

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Latvia 0.794 13th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 39.85 2.25 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 32.08 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.16 Early marriage % 0.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.84 27.30 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.99 0.86 1.85 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 10.00 309.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 19.76 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 22.20 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 20.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 32.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 8.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 46.50 53.50 0.87 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 76.17 23.83 3.20 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.37 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.24 31.76 2.15 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.80 8.40 7.10 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 26.54 16.50 21.53 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 26.60 73.40 0.36 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 83.94 16.06 5.22 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 22.68 77.32 0.29 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.45 0.44 0.89 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 63.02 36.98 1.70 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 75.04 24.96 3.01 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 16.09 17.76 0.91 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.95 1.29 1.11 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 62.18 32.63 46.88 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 32.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.55 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 234

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Lebanon 0.628 132nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Lebanon score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.628 132nd 0.644 119th 0.538 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.538 127th 0.492 135th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.021 0.984 l t i o o P n 0.984 90th 0.983 90th Health and Survival 0.971 68th 0.971 75th 0.971 Health Political Empowerment 0.021 144th 0.129 110th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 127th 0.538 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 136th 0.416 -41.21 29.35 70.56 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 84th 0.614 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 125th 0.469 -9.49 8.37 17.87 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 117th 0.269 -57.59 21.21 78.79 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 8.00 46.00 54.00 Educational Attainment 90th 0.984 - - - - Literacy rate % 96th 0.965 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.01 0.50 0.51 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 68th 0.971 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 82nd 1.030 - - Political Empowerment 144th 0.021 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 135th 0.067 -87.40 6.30 93.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 235

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Lebanon 0.628 132nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 23.13 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 12.98 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 3.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -1.25 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.83 2.66 5.49 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 70.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 4.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 5.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 55.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.17 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 14.60 10.30 11.69 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 24.54 17.20 19.44 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.44 1.02 1.47 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1926, 1952 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 10.40 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 29.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.10 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 236

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Lesotho 0.702 82nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Lesotho score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.702 82nd 0.700 87th 0.648 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.648 94th 0.650 91st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.179 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.179 83rd 0.171 88th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 94th 0.648 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 87th 0.729 -18.20 48.93 67.13 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 119th 0.494 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 49th 0.688 -0.85 1.88 2.73 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 79th 0.510 -32.43 33.78 66.22 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 21.49 39.26 60.74 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.08 91.10 92.18 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 17.19 55.47 72.66 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 4.38 8.02 12.40 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 83rd 0.179 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 75th 0.361 -47.00 26.50 73.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 67th 0.273 -57.14 21.43 78.57 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 237

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Lesotho 0.702 82nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.5 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.30 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 16.01 Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 18.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.21 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.17 1.14 2.31 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 25.40 STEM Graduates 24.82 75.18 0.33 Firms with female top managers % firms 36.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 80.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 56.68 43.32 1.31 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.35 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 19.75 15.69 17.49 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 10.59 7.01 8.55 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 18.44 81.56 0.23 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.78 27.22 2.67 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 31.25 68.75 0.45 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.29 0.35 0.64 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 45.16 54.84 0.82 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 77.50 22.50 3.44 Access to financial services Uneven rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1966 Graduates from tertiary education 5.21 3.14 4.17 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 24.20 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 62.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 86.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 544.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.05 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 238

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Liberia 0.760 39th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Liberia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.760 39th 0.709 78th 0.895 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.895 1st 0.804 8th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.287 0.896 l t i o o P n 0.896 131st 0.815 137th Health and Survival 0.962 123rd 0.962 126th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.287 50th 0.255 52nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 1st 0.895 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 28th 0.869 -6.54 43.51 50.05 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 1st 1.000 0.09 1.38 1.47 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 4.90 47.55 52.45 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 105th 0.619 -23.53 38.24 61.76 Educational Attainment 131st 0.896 - - - - Literacy rate % 142nd 0.544 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 4.71 70.84 75.55 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 104th 0.977 -0.94 39.22 40.16 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 123rd 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 133rd 1.002 - - Political Empowerment 50th 0.287 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 129th 0.124 -78.00 11.00 89.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 51st 0.417 -41.18 29.41 70.59 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 12th 0.329 -25.25 12.37 37.63 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 239

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Liberia 0.760 39th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 3.51 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.42 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 33.40 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 15.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.06 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.66 2.64 5.30 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 15.60 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 20.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 89.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.97 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.88 6.38 6.14 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 15.72 11.69 13.69 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.44 0.48 0.92 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 6.70 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 38.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 84.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 661.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.17 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 240

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Lithuania 0.800 9th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Lithuania score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.800 9th 0.799 11th 0.767 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.767 26th 0.781 21st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.466 0.989 l t i o o P n 0.989 83rd 0.986 85th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.466 20th 0.450 22nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 26th 0.767 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 48th 0.843 -10.70 57.34 68.04 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 16th 0.741 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 36th 0.729 -12.42 33.47 45.89 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 56th 0.587 -26.05 36.98 63.03 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 25.26 37.37 62.63 Educational Attainment 83rd 0.989 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 105th 0.975 -2.79 107.30 110.09 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 25.59 58.44 84.03 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 20th 0.466 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 62nd 0.397 -43.20 28.40 71.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 20th 0.750 -14.29 42.86 57.14 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 11th 0.355 -23.80 13.10 36.90 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 241

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Lithuania 0.800 9th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 66.45 2.46 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 39.31 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.13 Early marriage % 0 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.21 28.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.46 1.29 2.75 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 30.00 309.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 9.33 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 22.30 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 18.40 STEM Graduates 29.59 70.41 0.42 Firms with female top managers % firms 30.70 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 5.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 74.37 25.63 2.90 Advancement of women to leadership roles 6.09 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.52 31.48 2.18 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.70 6.70 6.20 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 28.27 17.50 22.86 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 25.48 74.52 0.34 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 82.95 17.05 4.87 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.72 0.69 1.41 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 57.75 42.25 1.37 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 5.72 8.85 0.65 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.82 0.89 0.85 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1919 Graduates from tertiary education 73.65 44.84 58.64 Number of female heads of state to date number 4 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 24.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 100.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 8.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.48 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 242

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Luxembourg 0.747 44th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Luxembourg score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.747 44th 0.736 46th 0.710 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.710 57th 0.724 51st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.315 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 30th 0.999 32nd Health and Survival 0.965 108th 0.965 110th 0.965 Health Political Empowerment 0.315 43rd 0.258 51st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 57th 0.710 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 17th 0.885 -7.52 58.14 65.66 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 36th 0.704 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 45th 0.697 -41.20 94.95 136.14 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 114th 0.281 -56.11 21.95 78.05 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 70th 0.983 -0.86 49.57 50.43 Educational Attainment 30th 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.13 98.88 99.01 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 81st 0.998 -0.22 107.07 107.29 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.42 17.54 20.97 Health and Survival 108th 0.965 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 117th 1.012 - - Political Empowerment 43rd 0.315 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 41st 0.538 -30.00 35.00 65.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 30th 0.600 -25.00 37.50 62.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 243

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Luxembourg 0.747 44th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 85.51 3.36 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 115.68 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 1.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.52 31.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.32 0.33 0.65 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 22.40 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.30 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 7.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 10.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 22.86 77.14 0.30 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 61.98 38.02 1.63 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.40 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.70 4.40 4.60 Education 68.92 31.08 2.22 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 52.18 30.64 40.65 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 19.82 80.18 0.25 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 70.37 29.63 2.38 and care work % 14.44 7.08 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 19.59 80.41 0.24 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.14 0.16 0.30 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 45.16 54.84 0.82 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 67.69 32.31 2.10 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 21.29 22.25 0.96 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1919 Graduates from tertiary education 10.10 6.60 8.29 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 22.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.37 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 244

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mada ascar 0.737 51st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Madagascar score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.737 51st 0.735 48th 0.800 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.800 12th 0.793 17th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.201 0.979 l t i o o P n 0.979 100th 0.978 94th Health and Survival 0.966 103rd 0.966 102nd 0.966 Health Political Empowerment 0.201 76th 0.202 75th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 12th 0.800 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 6th 0.937 -5.62 83.59 89.21 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 7th 0.845 -0.25 1.34 1.59 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 86th 0.466 -36.47 31.77 68.23 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 83rd 0.904 -5.03 47.49 52.51 Educational Attainment 100th 0.979 - - - - Literacy rate % 98th 0.961 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.29 33.95 35.24 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 107th 0.966 -0.19 5.43 5.62 Health and Survival 103rd 0.966 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 112th 1.015 - - Political Empowerment 76th 0.201 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 107th 0.227 -63.00 18.50 81.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 36th 0.529 -30.77 34.62 65.39 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 77th 0.000 -49.99 0.01 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 245

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Madagascar 0.737 51st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.47 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.46 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 14.60 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 39.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.42 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 14.78 14.84 29.61 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 21.60 STEM Graduates 31.02 68.98 0.45 Firms with female top managers % firms 28.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 95.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 41.19 58.81 0.70 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 50.90 49.10 1.04 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.42 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 53.79 46.21 1.16 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.55 2.98 3.25 Education 50.95 49.05 1.04 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 39.74 25.91 32.64 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 67.86 32.14 2.11 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 33.64 66.36 0.51 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 4.15 4.58 8.73 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 46.04 53.96 0.85 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.37 0.79 0.47 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.23 0.42 0.33 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1959 Graduates from tertiary education 3.78 3.45 3.62 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 11.10 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 30.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 45.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 335.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.92 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 246

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Malawi 0.676 110th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Malawi score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.676 110th 0.632 132nd 0.602 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.602 109th 0.620 104th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.224 0.897 l t i o o P n 0.897 129th 0.764 139th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.224 67th 0.164 92nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 109th 0.602 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 38th 0.855 -10.76 63.23 73.99 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 63rd 0.651 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 88th 0.616 -0.71 1.14 1.86 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 125th 0.185 -68.75 15.63 84.38 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 112th 0.545 -29.43 35.28 64.72 Educational Attainment 129th 0.897 - - - - Literacy rate % 117th 0.895 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.54 35.54 37.08 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 126th 0.705 -0.97 2.31 3.28 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 67th 0.224 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 93rd 0.261 -58.60 20.70 79.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 52nd 0.045 -45.70 2.15 47.85 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 247

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Malawi 0.676 110th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 12.63 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.49 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.43 Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 26.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.61 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 10.48 9.93 20.41 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 56.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 14.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 87.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.38 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.13 0.81 0.97 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 59.08 45.01 52.07 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.39 2.40 4.79 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1964 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 37.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 349.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.00 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 248

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Malaysia 0.682 102nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Malaysia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.682 102nd 0.681 103rd 0.664 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.664 89th 0.656 88th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.098 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 0.995 56th Health and Survival 0.969 80th 0.972 68th 0.969 Health Political Empowerment 0.098 122nd 0.102 123rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 89th 0.664 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 96th 0.686 -25.30 55.35 80.65 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 18th 0.740 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 68th 0.657 -10.85 20.79 31.64 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 109th 0.331 -50.30 24.85 75.15 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 90th 0.851 -8.06 45.97 54.03 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.01 97.29 98.30 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.87 82.04 86.91 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.45 35.84 47.29 Health and Survival 80th 0.969 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 125th 0.938 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 73rd 1.038 - - Political Empowerment 122nd 0.098 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 123rd 0.156 -73.00 13.50 86.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 88th 0.200 -66.67 16.67 83.33 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 249

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Malaysia 0.682 102nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 372.98 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 26.33 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.96 Early marriage % 6.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.12 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 16.60 17.34 33.94 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 19.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 33.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 47.67 52.33 0.91 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 63.42 36.58 1.73 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.31 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.68 4.45 4.54 Education 69.73 30.27 2.30 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 11.03 9.31 10.98 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 27.05 72.95 0.37 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.41 27.59 2.62 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 46.00 54.00 0.85 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 5.10 7.96 13.06 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 70.73 29.27 2.42 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 3.71 5.70 0.65 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.26 0.27 0.26 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1957 Graduates from tertiary education 22.14 10.77 16.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 19.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 29.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.82 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 250

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Maldives 0.649 124th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Maldives score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.649 124th 0.648 117th 0.512 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.512 131st 0.531 127th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.139 0.984 l t i o o P n 0.984 91st 0.984 89th Health and Survival 0.962 121st 0.956 138th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.139 103rd 0.121 114th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 131st 0.512 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 113th 0.644 -27.99 50.61 78.60 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 131st 0.396 -15.26 9.99 25.25 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 121st 0.229 -62.69 18.66 81.34 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 88th 0.855 -7.80 46.10 53.90 Educational Attainment 91st 0.984 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.44 96.83 99.28 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 124th 0.930 -5.86 78.41 84.27 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 48.82 17.69 66.51 Health and Survival 121st 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 131st 1.004 - - Political Empowerment 103rd 0.139 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 139th 0.048 -90.80 4.60 95.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 251

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Maldives 0.649 124th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 5.41 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 18.77 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 31.40 Population sex ratio female/male 0.73 Early marriage % 5.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.36 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.22 0.30 0.52 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 10.56 89.44 0.12 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 48.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 74.31 25.69 2.89 Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 59.74 40.26 1.48 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.03 5.10 4.64 Education 81.81 18.19 4.50 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 31.46 10.72 18.95 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 95.00 5.00 19.00 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 9.68 90.32 0.11 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.07 0.10 0.17 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 100.00 0 n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.70 30.30 2.30 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1965 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 19.50 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.50 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 53.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.71 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 252

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mali 0.605 141st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Mali score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.605 141st 0.601 141st 0.489 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.489 134th 0.521 130th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.192 0.779 l t i o o P n 0.779 140th 0.757 140th Health and Survival 0.959 135th 0.959 133rd 0.959 Health Political Empowerment 0.192 78th 0.168 91st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 134th 0.489 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 117th 0.625 -30.87 51.54 82.41 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 69th 0.631 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 121st 0.479 -1.49 1.37 2.86 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 123rd 0.211 -65.11 17.44 82.55 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 136th 0.258 -59.00 20.50 79.50 Educational Attainment 140th 0.779 - - - - Literacy rate % 141st 0.546 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 108th 0.899 -6.26 55.83 62.09 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 130th 0.876 -4.92 34.80 39.72 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 132nd 0.502 -3.24 3.27 6.51 Health and Survival 135th 0.959 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 141st 0.993 - - Political Empowerment 78th 0.192 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 59th 0.401 -42.80 28.60 71.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 76th 0.238 -61.54 19.23 80.77 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 64th 0.020 -48.06 0.97 49.03 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 253

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Mali 0.605 141st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 19.14 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.12 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 23.90 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 44.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.16 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 11.19 11.41 22.59 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.10 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 11.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 94.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.16 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.65 3.70 3.68 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 25.80 8.84 16.11 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.08 3.05 5.13 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 2.92 4.16 0.70 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.01 0.09 0.05 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 34.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 67.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 562.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 6.04 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 254

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Malta 0.713 70th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Malta score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.713 70th 0.703 85th 0.641 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.641 97th 0.655 89th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.251 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.961 131st 0.965 106th 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.251 62nd 0.192 82nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 97th 0.641 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 84th 0.753 -17.59 53.51 71.10 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 74th 0.623 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 85th 0.622 -20.62 33.90 54.52 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 97th 0.407 -42.11 28.88 70.99 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 92nd 0.824 -9.62 45.02 54.64 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.26 109.07 110.32 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 24.24 59.73 83.97 Health and Survival 131st 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 129th 0.937 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 114th 1.015 - - Political Empowerment 62nd 0.251 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 65th 0.387 -44.20 27.90 72.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 114th 0.125 -77.78 11.11 88.89 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 17th 0.227 -31.51 9.24 40.76 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 255

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Malta 0.713 70th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 17.36 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 44.65 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.92 Early marriage % 0.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.62 29.30 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.26 0.28 0.53 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 11.09 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 5.80 STEM Graduates 27.85 72.15 0.39 Firms with female top managers % firms 11.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 50.00 50.00 1.00 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.71 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.60 3.20 3.00 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 10.19 7.81 8.87 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.18 71.82 0.39 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 71.91 28.09 2.56 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 15.98 84.02 0.19 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force n. a. n. a. n. a. Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 53.01 46.99 1.13 Labour-force 0.11 0.15 0.26 Access to finance Social Sci., Journalism & Information 62.76 37.24 1.69 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Access to financial services Equal rights Vocational training 9.76 11.30 0.86 Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Access to land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.37 1.02 0.71 Access to non-land assets Equal rights Civil and political freedom Graduates % Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Graduates from tertiary education 58.81 44.89 51.66 Year women received right to vote year 1947 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Health Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 15.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.89 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes 6.00 Total fertility rate births per woman 1.13 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Access to justice Equal rights Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 256

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mauritius 0.689 98th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Mauritius score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.689 98th 0.679 105th 0.637 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.637 100th 0.601 111th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.148 0.993 l t i o o P n 0.993 71st 0.991 72nd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.148 97th 0.144 102nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 100th 0.637 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 116th 0.633 -22.17 38.17 60.34 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 87th 0.610 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 113th 0.519 -13.33 14.39 27.73 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 40th 0.651 -21.17 39.42 60.59 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 79th 0.911 -4.64 47.68 52.32 Educational Attainment 71st 0.993 - - - - Literacy rate % 97th 0.963 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.00 95.75 97.75 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.45 91.55 95.99 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 17.87 36.47 54.33 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 97th 0.148 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 96th 0.250 -60.00 20.00 80.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 101st 0.167 -71.43 14.29 85.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 44th 0.066 -43.79 3.11 46.89 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 257

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Mauritius 0.689 98th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 11.53 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 20.97 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 7.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.03 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.66 0.64 1.30 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 36.03 63.97 0.56 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 30.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 29.06 70.94 0.41 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 77.14 22.86 3.37 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.49 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 59.21 40.79 1.45 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.23 7.67 8.30 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 22.59 17.28 19.40 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 25.25 74.75 0.34 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 64.63 35.37 1.83 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 31.59 68.41 0.46 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.17 0.27 0.44 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 66.13 33.87 1.95 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 73.54 26.46 2.78 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 0.42 2.24 0.19 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1968 Graduates from tertiary education 34.21 24.44 29.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 61.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.44 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 258

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mexico 0.765 33rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Mexico score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.765 33rd 0.764 31st 0.601 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.601 110th 0.597 113th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.490 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 62nd 0.994 60th Health and Survival 0.975 49th 0.975 54th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.490 15th 0.490 15th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 110th 0.601 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 125th 0.576 -32.07 43.62 75.69 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 117th 0.511 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 112th 0.523 -12.05 13.21 25.26 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 46th 0.625 -23.06 38.47 61.53 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 69th 0.988 -0.58 49.71 50.29 Educational Attainment 62nd 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 82nd 0.984 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 9.85 97.00 106.85 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.55 43.05 46.60 Health and Survival 49th 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 60th 1.046 - - Political Empowerment 15th 0.490 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 24th 0.727 -15.79 42.11 57.90 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 259

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Mexico 0.765 33rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,272.84 0.63 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 19.09 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 10.80 Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 19.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.56 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 65.31 62.20 127.50 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 12.50 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 10.60 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 57.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 36.78 63.22 0.58 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 57.99 42.01 1.38 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.85 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 55.14 44.86 1.23 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.42 3.35 3.38 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 36.70 21.03 27.15 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.47 71.53 0.40 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 27.77 11.11 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 20.06 29.48 49.54 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 51.14 48.86 1.05 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 11.92 12.00 0.99 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.26 0.38 0.31 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1947 Graduates from tertiary education 29.81 25.21 27.50 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 50.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 14.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 33.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.91 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 260

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Moldova2 Republic of 0.788 19th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Moldova, Republic of score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.788 19th 0.788 16th 0.863 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.863 3rd 0.766 25th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.314 0.996 l t i o o P n 0.996 53rd 0.996 52nd Health and Survival 0.977 40th 0.980 1st 0.977 Health Political Empowerment 0.314 44th 0.412 29th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 3rd 0.863 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 5th 0.945 -4.11 70.59 74.70 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 28th 0.753 -3.98 12.11 16.10 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 19th 0.805 -10.82 44.59 55.41 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 31.03 34.49 65.51 Educational Attainment 53rd 0.996 - - - - Literacy rate % 62nd 0.998 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 86th 0.993 -0.68 96.92 97.60 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 21.04 52.43 73.47 Health and Survival 40th 0.977 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 117th 0.941 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 44th 0.314 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 30th 0.629 -22.80 38.60 61.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 74th 0.250 -60.00 20.00 80.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 29th 0.129 -38.58 5.71 44.29 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 261

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Moldova, Republic of 0.788 19th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 13.68 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.01 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 21.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.11 Early marriage % 11.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.76 25.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.72 1.56 3.27 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 14.00 1.04 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 17.60 STEM Graduates 30.52 69.48 0.44 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 55.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 22.80 77.20 0.30 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 73.06 26.94 2.71 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.67 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 60.73 39.27 1.55 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 0.84 1.35 1.08 Education 87.98 12.02 7.32 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 9.18 7.66 8.46 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 29.73 70.27 0.42 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 68.80 31.20 2.20 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.77 0.68 1.45 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 54.80 45.20 1.21 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 76.31 23.69 3.22 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 14.84 17.09 0.87 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Restricted rights PhD graduates 0.16 0.17 0.17 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1978, 1991 Graduates from tertiary education 59.32 39.52 49.33 Number of female heads of state to date number 4 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 45.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.77 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 262

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mongolia 0.704 80th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Mongolia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.704 80th 0.715 70th 0.745 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.745 33rd 0.765 26th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.099 0.994 l t i o o P n 0.994 67th 0.994 63rd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.099 121st 0.121 113th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 33rd 0.745 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 75th 0.768 -15.53 51.49 67.02 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 68th 0.637 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 59th 0.673 -4.58 9.40 13.98 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 18th 0.840 -8.68 45.66 54.34 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 30.04 34.98 65.02 Educational Attainment 67th 0.994 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 95th 0.986 -1.37 96.75 98.12 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.91 102.32 104.23 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 31.87 53.60 85.46 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 121st 0.099 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 112th 0.206 -65.80 17.10 82.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 109th 0.143 -75.00 12.50 87.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 76th 0.000 -49.96 0.02 49.98 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 263

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Mongolia 0.704 80th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 15.29 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 11.67 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.57 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 5.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.61 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.71 1.69 3.40 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 120.00 14.00 1.10 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 32.70 STEM Graduates 34.08 65.92 0.52 Firms with female top managers % firms 38.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 43.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 51.89 48.11 1.08 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 63.45 36.55 1.74 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.68 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 64.80 35.20 1.84 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 7.43 8.26 7.87 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 13.00 10.87 11.88 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 30.75 69.25 0.44 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 82.54 17.46 4.73 and care work % 19.29 7.60 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 37.68 62.32 0.60 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.55 0.60 1.15 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.13 30.87 2.24 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 4.66 7.31 0.64 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.20 0.21 0.20 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1924 Graduates from tertiary education 74.79 44.50 59.55 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 31.20 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 45.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.90 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 264

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Montene!ro 0.714 69th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Montenegro score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.714 69th 0.732 54th 0.710 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.710 56th 0.733 45th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.180 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 41st 0.998 43rd Health and Survival 0.968 88th 0.972 72nd 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.180 82nd 0.226 64th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 56th 0.710 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 77th 0.766 -14.19 46.40 60.59 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 54th 0.663 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 38th 0.726 -6.57 17.40 23.97 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 85th 0.473 -35.76 32.12 67.88 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 13.81 43.09 56.91 Educational Attainment 41st 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 77th 0.991 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.16 97.15 97.30 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.70 90.24 91.94 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 17.77 47.12 64.90 Health and Survival 88th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 137th 0.930 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 50th 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 82nd 0.180 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 62nd 0.397 -43.20 28.40 71.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 77th 0.231 -62.50 18.75 81.25 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 265

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Montenegro 0.714 69th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 5.86 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 20.60 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 21.00 Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 2.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.34 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.32 0.30 0.63 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 295.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 14.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 15.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.48 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 18.83 17.84 18.28 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 8.51 8.75 8.64 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.11 0.13 0.24 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 21.84 24.31 0.90 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 2006 Graduates from tertiary education 41.83 26.57 33.89 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 6.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.75 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 266

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Morocco 0.621 136th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Morocco score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.621 136th 0.624 136th 0.404 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.404 141st 0.447 139th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.165 0.953 l t i o o P n 0.953 115th 0.945 114th Health and Survival 0.961 130th 0.961 131st 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.165 90th 0.145 99th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 141st 0.404 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 142nd 0.297 -49.50 20.90 70.40 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 99th 0.595 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 140th 0.234 -9.97 3.04 13.01 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 115th 0.953 - - - - Literacy rate % 126th 0.794 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 78th 0.997 -0.30 97.44 97.75 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 109th 0.969 -2.61 82.39 85.00 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 4.63 41.18 45.81 Health and Survival 130th 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 139th 1.000 - - Political Empowerment 90th 0.165 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 81st 0.321 -51.40 24.30 75.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 68th 0.267 -57.89 21.05 78.95 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 267

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Morocco 0.621 136th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 142.87 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.06 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 11.30 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 11.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.05 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 18.61 18.85 37.46 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 2.60 STEM Graduates 45.32 54.68 0.83 Firms with female top managers % firms 5.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 49.55 50.45 0.98 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.38 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 17.43 11.34 12.77 Education 34.76 65.24 0.53 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 46.31 14.06 21.24 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 42.20 57.80 0.73 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.28 27.72 2.61 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.53 8.34 10.87 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 48.66 51.34 0.95 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 5.04 6.55 0.77 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1959 Graduates from tertiary education 20.78 17.23 18.96 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 11.70 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 30.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 86.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 70.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.35 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Near-equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 268

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Mozambique 0.778 25th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Mozambique score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.778 25th 0.752 34th 0.692 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.692 73rd 0.654 90th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.542 0.896 l t i o o P n 0.896 130th 0.882 130th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.542 8th 0.493 14th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 73rd 0.692 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 2nd 0.976 -1.95 78.14 80.09 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 21st 0.771 -0.32 1.07 1.39 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 110th 0.322 -51.34 24.33 75.67 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 115th 0.539 -29.99 35.00 65.00 Educational Attainment 130th 0.896 - - - - Literacy rate % 133rd 0.726 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 101st 0.973 -2.64 96.28 98.91 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 125th 0.930 -2.85 37.60 40.45 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 118th 0.806 -1.57 6.53 8.11 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 8th 0.542 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 17th 0.761 -13.60 43.20 56.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 10.00 45.00 55.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 28th 0.134 -38.16 5.92 44.08 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 269

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Mozambique 0.778 25th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 15.78 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.23 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 23.10 Population sex ratio female/male 1.04 Early marriage % 41.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.84 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 16.79 16.18 32.97 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 17.40 STEM Graduates 29.26 70.74 0.41 Firms with female top managers % firms 15.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 95.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 35.39 64.61 0.55 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 51.01 48.99 1.04 Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.84 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 55.14 44.86 1.23 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.89 3.31 3.62 Education 42.52 57.48 0.74 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 58.14 43.79 51.40 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.17 24.83 3.03 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.92 3.50 7.42 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 45.30 54.70 0.83 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.46 0.91 0.51 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.02 0.06 0.04 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975 Graduates from tertiary education 4.05 4.00 4.03 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 21.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 73.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 289.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.71 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 270

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Myanmar 0.650 123rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Myanmar score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.650 123rd 0.677 106th 0.600 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.600 113th 0.637 101st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.047 0.977 l t i o o P n 0.977 103rd 0.977 96th Health and Survival 0.975 47th 0.980 1st 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.047 141st 0.114 118th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 113th 0.600 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 121st 0.589 -31.87 45.63 77.50 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 110th 0.535 -2.45 2.82 5.26 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 104th 0.385 -44.37 27.81 72.19 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 20.10 39.95 60.05 Educational Attainment 103rd 0.977 - - - - Literacy rate % 103rd 0.934 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 5.70 65.60 71.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 6.35 15.63 21.98 Health and Survival 47th 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 125th 0.938 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 141st 0.047 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 144th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 35th 0.107 -40.35 4.83 45.17 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 271

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Myanmar 0.650 123rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 65.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 4.03 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 16.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 12.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.70 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 27.22 26.96 54.18 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 21.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 33.50 STEM Graduates 60.76 39.24 1.55 Firms with female top managers % firms 41.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 81.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.95 31.05 2.22 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.45 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 70.80 29.20 2.42 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.15 1.05 1.51 Education 75.78 24.22 3.13 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 17.40 12.93 14.77 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 42.34 57.66 0.73 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 57.17 42.83 1.33 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 7.54 11.07 18.61 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 66.38 33.62 1.97 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 50.98 49.02 1.04 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.26 0.39 0.67 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.05 0.04 0.05 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1948 (Suspended) Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 33.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 60.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 250.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.17 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 272

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Namibia 0.802 8th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Namibia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.802 8th 0.807 8th 0.784 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.784 19th 0.785 20th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.443 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 0.999 30th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.443 23rd 0.463 19th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 19th 0.784 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 18th 0.884 -7.28 55.42 62.70 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 88th 0.610 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 11th 0.830 -1.71 8.31 10.02 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 20th 0.772 -12.87 43.57 56.43 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 11.98 44.01 55.99 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - - Enrolment in secondary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 16.77 18.78 35.56 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 23rd 0.443 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 15th 0.792 -11.60 44.20 55.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 47th 0.462 -36.84 31.58 68.42 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 20th 0.189 -34.10 7.95 42.05 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 273

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Namibia 0.802 8th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 12.31 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 9.14 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 17.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.07 Early marriage % 5.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.64 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.33 1.24 2.57 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 25.60 STEM Graduates 42.50 57.50 0.74 Firms with female top managers % firms 27.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 55.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 53.07 46.93 1.13 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 62.31 37.69 1.65 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.60 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 66.01 33.99 1.94 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 19.56 21.97 20.79 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 30.91 20.28 25.61 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 33.92 66.08 0.51 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 79.51 20.49 3.88 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 38.16 61.84 0.62 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.38 0.38 0.76 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 71.37 28.63 2.49 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1989 Graduates from tertiary education 23.92 10.19 17.15 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 14.30 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 88.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 195.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.35 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 274

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Nepal 0.659 116th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Nepal score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.659 116th 0.692 96th 0.476 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.476 136th 0.641 98th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.276 0.918 l t i o o P n 0.918 127th 0.916 125th Health and Survival 0.969 82nd 0.965 109th 0.969 Health Political Empowerment 0.276 54th 0.247 58th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 136th 0.476 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 127th 0.508 -27.04 27.91 54.95 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 78th 0.618 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 130th 0.396 -3.37 2.22 5.59 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 132nd 0.152 -73.67 13.17 86.83 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 107th 0.599 -25.08 37.46 62.54 Educational Attainment 127th 0.918 - - - - Literacy rate % 129th 0.782 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 93rd 0.987 -1.10 84.98 86.09 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 1.88 16.42 18.30 Health and Survival 82nd 0.969 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 93rd 1.024 - - Political Empowerment 54th 0.276 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 47th 0.495 -33.80 33.10 66.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 95th 0.188 -68.42 15.79 84.21 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 23rd 0.172 -35.32 7.34 42.66 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 275

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Nepal 0.659 116th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 36.29 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.83 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.72 Population sex ratio female/male 1.09 Early marriage % 24.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.31 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 15.90 14.65 30.55 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 21.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 17.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 81.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 33.33 66.67 0.50 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 46.33 53.67 0.86 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.11 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 12.34 10.12 10.99 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 40.26 23.46 29.89 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 13.95 86.05 0.16 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 56.98 43.02 1.32 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.55 4.06 6.61 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1951 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 37.90 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 77.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 186.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.06 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 276

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Netherlands 0.777 28th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Netherlands score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.777 28th 0.767 28th 0.684 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.684 77th 0.675 79th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.460 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.962 124th 0.962 127th 0.962 Health Political Empowerment 0.460 21st 0.432 23rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 77th 0.684 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 22nd 0.881 -8.45 62.78 71.23 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 58th 0.654 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 90th 0.611 -27.34 43.03 70.37 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 106th 0.350 -48.10 25.95 74.05 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 71st 0.981 -0.97 49.52 50.48 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.86 98.61 99.47 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.80 114.29 116.09 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 13.90 85.23 99.13 Health and Survival 124th 0.962 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 134th 1.002 - - Political Empowerment 21st 0.460 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 24th 0.686 -18.60 40.70 59.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 277

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Netherlands 0.777 28th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,012.85 1.57 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 56.62 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 0.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.52 30.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 8.83 8.73 17.56 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 42.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 13.33 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 38.10 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 5.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 13.70 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 11.80 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 54.42 45.58 1.19 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.25 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 47.34 52.66 0.90 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.80 3.20 3.50 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 77.68 45.61 60.71 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.06 76.94 0.30 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.83 4.36 8.18 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 43.75 56.25 0.78 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.17 31.83 2.14 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 22.65 24.22 0.94 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.56 0.86 0.71 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1919 Graduates from tertiary education 59.74 44.74 52.06 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 32.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 25.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.55 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 278

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) New Zealand 0.856 4th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 New Zealand score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.856 4th 0.841 4th 0.732 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.732 42nd 0.738 39th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.725 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.966 101st 0.966 100th 0.966 Health Political Empowerment 0.725 3rd 0.660 4th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 42nd 0.732 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 25th 0.875 -9.48 66.11 75.59 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 37th 0.704 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 73rd 0.642 -18.75 33.62 52.37 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.75 98.68 99.43 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 5.87 117.52 123.39 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 34.04 63.26 97.29 Health and Survival 101st 0.966 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 109th 1.017 - - Political Empowerment 3rd 0.725 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 18th 0.818 -10.00 45.00 55.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 6th 0.480 -17.58 16.21 33.79 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 279

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 New Zealand 0.856 4th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 249.89 2.78 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 42.92 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 0.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.63 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.62 2.57 5.18 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 0 182.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 6.67 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 43.50 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 34.96 65.04 0.54 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 60.24 39.76 1.51 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.62 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 54.12 45.88 1.18 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.69 3.25 3.46 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 51.43 27.82 39.10 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 79.92 20.08 3.98 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.19 1.32 2.50 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 55.67 44.33 1.26 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 10.30 17.95 0.57 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.96 1.30 1.12 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1886, 1893 Graduates from tertiary education 54.97 31.75 43.09 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 35.00 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 9.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.61 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Near-equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 280

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Nicara ua 0.811 7th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Nicaragua score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.811 7th 0.810 7th 0.640 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.640 98th 0.637 100th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.626 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.978 34th 0.978 36th 0.978 Health Political Empowerment 0.626 6th 0.626 5th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 98th 0.640 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 124th 0.577 -35.29 48.05 83.34 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 112th 0.547 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 46th 0.694 -2.04 4.63 6.68 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 71st 0.543 -29.59 35.21 64.79 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 9.12 45.44 54.56 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - - Enrolment in secondary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 6.07 16.12 22.19 Health and Survival 34th 0.978 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 45th 1.056 - - Political Empowerment 6th 0.626 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 1st 1.000 3.40 48.30 51.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 25.00 37.50 62.50 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 26th 0.155 -36.56 6.72 43.28 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 281

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Nicaragua 0.811 7th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.01 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.64 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 30.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.39 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.52 3.42 6.95 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 26.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 27.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.16 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.76 4.05 4.72 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.86 1.26 2.12 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 22.50 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 98.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.35 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 282

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Niger 0.622 135th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Niger score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.622 135th 0.635 128th 0.570 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.570 121st 0.672 82nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.185 0.769 l t i o o P n 0.769 141st 0.750 141st Health and Survival 0.964 113th 0.964 115th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.185 79th 0.155 96th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 121st 0.570 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 138th 0.381 -24.50 15.06 39.56 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 105th 0.558 -0.67 0.85 1.52 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 12th 0.973 -1.38 49.31 50.69 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 129th 0.406 -42.27 28.87 71.13 Educational Attainment 141st 0.769 - - - - Literacy rate % 139th 0.632 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 106th 0.912 -5.32 55.04 60.36 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 136th 0.748 -6.98 20.70 27.68 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 133rd 0.481 -3.04 2.82 5.87 Health and Survival 113th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 122nd 1.010 - - Political Empowerment 79th 0.185 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 50th 0.443 -38.60 30.70 69.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 93rd 0.192 -67.74 16.13 83.87 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 283

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Niger 0.622 135th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 14.91 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.19 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 19.70 Population sex ratio female/male 0.97 Early marriage % 61.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.71 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 12.91 13.29 26.21 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.90 STEM Graduates 18.03 81.97 0.22 Firms with female top managers % firms 10.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 73.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 18.72 81.28 0.23 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 52.66 47.34 1.11 Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 8.08 8.13 8.12 Education 51.99 48.01 1.08 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 45.26 27.93 33.19 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 7.45 92.55 0.08 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 31.35 68.65 0.46 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 22.80 77.20 0.30 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.57 1.38 1.95 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 20.68 79.32 0.26 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Unequal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 0.92 1.00 0.92 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Restricted rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education 2.54 5.84 4.22 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 43.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 509.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 6.89 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 284

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Nigeria 0.637 130th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Nigeria score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.637 130th 0.639 123rd 0.715 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.715 54th 0.724 50th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.041 0.826 l t i o o P n 0.826 137th 0.826 134th Health and Survival 0.967 99th 0.967 97th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.041 142nd 0.040 141st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 54th 0.715 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 67th 0.793 -13.58 52.14 65.72 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 31st 0.714 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 117th 0.503 -3.24 3.28 6.53 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 28.85 35.57 64.43 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 104th 0.628 -22.89 38.56 61.44 Educational Attainment 137th 0.826 - - - - Literacy rate % 132nd 0.739 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 119th 0.952 -2.16 42.41 44.57 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 125th 0.724 -3.87 10.14 14.01 Health and Survival 99th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 107th 1.018 - - Political Empowerment 142nd 0.041 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 141st 0.037 -92.80 3.60 96.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 119th 0.120 -78.57 10.71 89.29 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 285

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Nigeria 0.637 130th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 440.83 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 4.92 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 18.90 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 30.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.41 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 108.09 110.45 218.54 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 13.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.35 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 13.28 9.93 11.44 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 36.83 28.04 31.89 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 28.66 35.77 64.43 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Restricted rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 7.30 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.20 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 43.30 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 917.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 5.31 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 286

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) North Macedonia 0.711 73rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 North Macedonia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.711 73rd 0.716 69th 0.605 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.605 108th 0.613 106th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.283 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 48th 0.990 76th Health and Survival 0.960 134th 0.972 73rd 0.960 Health Political Empowerment 0.283 51st 0.289 47th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 108th 0.605 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 109th 0.655 -22.60 42.88 65.48 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 105th 0.573 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 91st 0.608 -8.03 12.46 20.49 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 115th 0.275 -56.86 21.57 78.43 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 5.78 47.11 52.89 Educational Attainment 48th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.02 95.17 95.19 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 92nd 0.987 -1.02 79.07 80.09 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 14.66 35.90 50.56 Health and Survival 134th 0.960 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 140th 0.927 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 78th 1.034 - - Political Empowerment 51st 0.283 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 19th 0.739 -15.00 42.50 57.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 81st 0.214 -64.71 17.65 82.35 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 74th 0.003 -49.73 0.14 49.86 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 287

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 North Macedonia 0.711 73rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 13.83 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 16.46 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 10.28 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 4.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.36 26.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.05 1.04 2.09 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 270.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 19.60 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 21.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 10.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 39.49 60.51 0.65 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.76 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 12.63 15.96 14.60 Education 78.09 21.91 3.56 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 18.60 13.42 15.51 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 74.13 25.87 2.87 and care work % 15.42 5.42 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 35.09 64.91 0.54 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.31 0.44 0.75 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 61.44 38.56 1.59 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.22 0.29 0.25 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 30.61 20.10 25.20 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 27.70 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 100.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 7.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.30 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 288

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Norway 0.879 2nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Norway score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.879 2nd 0.845 3rd 0.800 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.800 11th 0.765 27th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.765 0.989 l t i o o P n 0.989 84th 0.989 79th Health and Survival 0.961 127th 0.964 119th 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.765 2nd 0.662 3rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 11th 0.800 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 43rd 0.845 -11.21 61.03 72.24 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 6th 0.851 -10.59 60.32 70.91 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 81st 0.503 -33.06 33.47 66.53 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 5.11 47.44 52.56 Educational Attainment 84th 0.989 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 67th 0.999 -0.07 99.88 99.95 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 120th 0.951 -5.91 115.95 121.86 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 33.57 68.20 101.77 Health and Survival 127th 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 117th 0.941 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 126th 1.008 - - Political Empowerment 2nd 0.765 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 10th 0.859 -7.60 46.20 53.80 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 4th 0.567 -13.80 18.10 31.90 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 289

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Norway 0.879 2nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 482.17 3.19 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 65.66 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 0.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.53 29.80 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.69 2.74 5.43 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 0 112.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 4.60 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 41.50 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 28.46 71.54 0.40 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 4.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 55.61 44.39 1.25 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 58.59 41.41 1.42 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.69 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.20 3.50 3.30 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 57.76 41.09 48.94 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.89 76.11 0.31 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 82.75 17.25 4.80 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 15.16 84.84 0.18 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.18 1.36 2.54 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 51.48 48.52 1.06 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 13.33 22.10 0.60 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.92 1.26 1.09 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 71.71 42.81 56.77 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 27.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 2.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.48 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 290

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Oman 0.614 139th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Oman score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.614 139th 0.609 139th 0.488 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.488 135th 0.482 137th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.051 0.957 l t i o o P n 0.957 113th 0.950 113th Health and Survival 0.961 129th 0.961 130th 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.051 140th 0.041 140th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 135th 0.488 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 135th 0.417 -48.87 34.97 83.84 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 4th 0.792 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 139th 0.237 -37.32 11.58 48.90 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 99th 0.403 -42.55 28.72 71.28 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 131st 0.386 -44.31 27.85 72.15 Educational Attainment 113th 0.957 - - - - Literacy rate % 99th 0.956 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 123rd 0.937 -6.95 102.58 109.53 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.78 41.52 53.30 Health and Survival 129th 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 138th 1.000 - - Political Empowerment 140th 0.051 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 142nd 0.024 -95.40 2.30 97.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 99th 0.176 -70.00 15.00 85.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 291

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Oman 0.614 139th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 88.19 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 34.29 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 17.80 Population sex ratio female/male 0.64 Early marriage % 4.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.51 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.79 2.79 4.58 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 50.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 55.73 44.27 1.26 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 81.54 18.46 4.42 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 87.77 12.23 7.18 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.25 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 60.58 39.42 1.54 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.79 1.38 2.98 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 43.16 56.84 0.76 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 84.23 15.77 5.34 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 75.56 24.44 3.09 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.39 1.68 2.07 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 75.45 24.55 3.07 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 0.50 0.54 0.93 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.24 0.32 0.29 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 45.21 14.17 27.30 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 17.70 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.69 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 292

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Pakistan 0.575 142nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Pakistan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.575 142nd 0.564 145th 0.362 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.362 143rd 0.331 145th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.152 0.825 l t i o o P n 0.825 138th 0.825 135th Health and Survival 0.961 132nd 0.944 143rd 0.961 Health Political Empowerment 0.152 95th 0.156 95th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 143rd 0.362 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 140th 0.304 -56.14 24.53 80.67 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 71st 0.625 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 137th 0.251 -6.23 2.09 8.32 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 139th 0.061 -88.59 5.71 94.29 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 132nd 0.358 -47.23 26.39 73.61 Educational Attainment 138th 0.825 - - - - Literacy rate % 137th 0.671 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 132nd 0.868 -6.30 41.59 47.90 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 104th 0.984 -0.20 12.12 12.32 Health and Survival 132nd 0.961 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 140th 0.999 - - Political Empowerment 95th 0.152 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 94th 0.258 -59.00 20.50 79.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 126th 0.103 -81.25 9.38 90.63 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 36th 0.104 -40.55 4.73 45.27 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 293

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Pakistan 0.575 142nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 348.26 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.23 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 17.30 Population sex ratio female/male 0.98 Early marriage % 13.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.83 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 116.86 118.96 235.82 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 6.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 84.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.47 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.24 5.61 6.46 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 42.62 6.39 14.52 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 11.04 37.70 48.74 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.01 0.03 0.02 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1937, 1947, 1956 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 19.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 85.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 68.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 140.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.56 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 294

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Panama 0.724 58th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Panama score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.724 58th 0.743 40th 0.674 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.674 85th 0.750 32nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.252 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 49th 0.998 35th Health and Survival 0.973 58th 0.973 62nd 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.252 61st 0.252 54th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 85th 0.674 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 111th 0.646 -27.27 49.71 76.98 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 90th 0.604 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 15th 0.807 -6.22 25.93 32.15 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 42nd 0.646 -21.49 39.25 60.75 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 99th 0.692 -18.21 40.90 59.10 Educational Attainment 49th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 75th 0.992 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 79th 0.997 -0.32 95.97 96.30 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 3.28 80.63 83.91 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 19.08 34.98 54.06 Health and Survival 58th 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 68th 1.039 - - Political Empowerment 61st 0.252 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 86th 0.290 -55.00 22.50 77.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 48th 0.455 -37.50 31.25 68.75 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 34th 0.111 -39.99 5.01 45.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 295

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Panama 0.724 58th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 63.61 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 29.04 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 3.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.32 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.20 2.20 4.41 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 43.22 56.78 0.76 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 55.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 42.86 57.14 0.75 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 64.66 35.34 1.83 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.66 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 10.36 7.86 8.90 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 39.41 32.97 35.54 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 40.01 59.99 0.67 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 76.68 23.32 3.29 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 43.91 56.09 0.78 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.75 1.05 1.79 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 59.91 40.09 1.49 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.81 31.19 2.21 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 6.85 7.63 0.90 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.19 0.28 0.23 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1941, 1946 Graduates from tertiary education 18.77 9.45 14.06 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 95.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 52.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.34 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 296

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Para uay 0.695 91st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Paraguay score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.695 91st 0.707 80th 0.685 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.685 76th 0.682 78th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.125 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 45th 0.998 38th Health and Survival 0.975 54th 0.975 58th 0.975 Health Political Empowerment 0.125 110th 0.174 84th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 76th 0.685 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 91st 0.712 -24.27 59.95 84.22 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 106th 0.573 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 66th 0.659 -5.62 10.87 16.49 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 37th 0.665 -20.09 39.96 60.05 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 9.10 45.45 54.55 Educational Attainment 45th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 73rd 0.992 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.03 0.48 0.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 0.87 0.99 1.86 Health and Survival 54th 0.975 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 64th 1.045 - - Political Empowerment 110th 0.125 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 105th 0.232 -62.40 18.80 81.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 81st 0.214 -64.71 17.65 82.35 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 297

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Paraguay 0.695 91st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 39.5 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 13.69 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 12.13 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 13.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.28 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.38 3.40 6.78 Right to divorce Uneven rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 18.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 19.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 69.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.11 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 8.57 5.84 7.01 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 43.22 26.98 33.68 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 14.53 4.27 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.28 1.71 2.99 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 5.09 4.64 1.10 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates 0.01 0.18 0.09 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1961 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 13.30 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 17.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 129.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.50 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 298

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Peru 0.764 34th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Peru score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.764 34th 0.749 37th 0.683 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.683 79th 0.663 86th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.450 0.960 l t i o o P n 0.960 111th 0.954 112th Health and Survival 0.964 117th 0.964 120th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.450 22nd 0.415 27th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 79th 0.683 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 58th 0.819 -14.33 64.77 79.10 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 103rd 0.588 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 34th 0.741 -3.73 10.67 14.40 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 69th 0.547 -29.27 35.37 64.63 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 96th 0.763 -13.44 43.28 56.72 Educational Attainment 111th 0.960 - - - - Literacy rate % 101st 0.949 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 121st 0.949 -5.78 107.72 113.50 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.94 68.73 72.67 Health and Survival 117th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 127th 1.008 - - Political Empowerment 22nd 0.450 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 28th 0.634 -22.40 38.80 61.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 16th 0.900 -5.26 47.37 52.63 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 42nd 0.071 -43.40 3.30 46.70 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 299

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Peru 0.764 34th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 223.25 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 12.51 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 6.10 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 12.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.23 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 17.19 16.86 34.05 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 10.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 19.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 19.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 68.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 40.60 59.40 0.68 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.42 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.02 41.98 1.38 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.62 3.38 3.95 Education 69.65 30.35 2.29 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 44.81 27.79 35.43 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 49.56 50.44 0.98 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 7.25 8.67 15.92 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 45.97 54.03 0.85 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 51.46 48.54 1.06 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 0.73 0.62 1.18 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1955 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 7 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 33.20 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 95.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 88.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.22 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 300

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Philippines 0.791 16th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Philippines score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.791 16th 0.783 19th 0.789 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.789 17th 0.794 16th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.409 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 32nd 0.997 46th Health and Survival 0.968 86th 0.979 30th 0.968 Health Political Empowerment 0.409 30th 0.360 35th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 17th 0.789 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 115th 0.641 -24.72 44.05 68.77 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 11th 0.752 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 41st 0.716 -2.68 6.73 9.41 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 6.75 46.63 53.38 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 15.67 42.17 57.83 Educational Attainment 32nd 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 72nd 0.999 -0.12 91.18 91.31 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 7.26 86.91 94.18 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.05 30.18 41.22 Health and Survival 86th 0.968 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 138th 0.928 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 30th 0.409 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 71st 0.376 -45.40 27.30 72.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 54th 0.357 -47.37 26.32 73.68 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 7th 0.462 -18.41 15.80 34.21 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 301

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Philippines 0.791 16th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 394.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 8.09 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 16.70 Population sex ratio female/male 0.97 Early marriage % 4.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.49 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 56.88 58.68 115.56 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 9.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 31.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 29.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 53.37 46.63 1.14 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 57.02 42.98 1.33 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.61 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.01 3.24 3.54 Education 76.68 23.32 3.29 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 32.47 30.42 31.21 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 24.48 75.52 0.32 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 71.87 28.13 2.55 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 48.13 51.87 0.93 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 14.18 22.06 36.24 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 61.97 38.03 1.63 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 69.98 30.02 2.33 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training 2.86 3.30 0.87 Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Unequal rights PhD graduates 0.13 0.10 0.11 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1937 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 29.20 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 84.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 121.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.78 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 302

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Poland 0.722 60th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Poland score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.722 60th 0.709 77th 0.699 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.699 64th 0.695 74th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.211 0.997 l t i o o P n 0.997 50th 0.992 70th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.211 73rd 0.171 87th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 64th 0.699 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 82nd 0.754 -16.15 49.52 65.67 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 108th 0.558 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 69th 0.647 -15.08 27.62 42.69 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 25th 0.754 -14.05 42.98 57.02 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 14.91 42.55 57.45 Educational Attainment 50th 0.997 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.38 98.67 99.05 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 94th 0.986 -1.57 114.44 116.02 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 27.36 56.99 84.36 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 73rd 0.211 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 64th 0.395 -43.40 28.30 71.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 81st 0.214 -64.71 17.65 82.35 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 41st 0.082 -42.43 3.78 46.22 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 303

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Poland 0.722 60th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 679.44 3.02 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 34.92 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.07 Early marriage % 1.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.40 27.90 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 20.56 19.30 39.86 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 140.00 14.00 224.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 8.69 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 24.70 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 21.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 27.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 15.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 56.79 43.21 1.31 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 75.21 24.79 3.03 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.43 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 68.27 31.73 2.15 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.00 2.90 2.90 Education 86.45 13.55 6.38 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 25.70 14.63 19.64 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 42.07 57.93 0.73 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.17 27.83 2.59 and care work % 18.26 9.93 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 7.43 8.76 16.19 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 72.11 27.89 2.59 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 19.97 28.13 0.71 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.58 0.73 0.65 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918 Graduates from tertiary education 57.11 35.51 46.19 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats 24.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 2.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.38 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 304

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Portugal 0.765 32nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Portugal score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.765 32nd 0.766 29th 0.745 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.745 34th 0.737 41st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.352 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 76th 0.990 75th Health and Survival 0.973 62nd 0.973 67th 0.973 Health Political Empowerment 0.352 38th 0.364 33rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 34th 0.745 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 32nd 0.863 -8.55 53.82 62.37 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 77th 0.619 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 24th 0.763 -9.11 29.38 38.49 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 51st 0.612 -24.09 37.95 62.05 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 8.06 45.97 54.03 Educational Attainment 76th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 86th 0.981 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 90th 0.989 -1.14 98.80 99.94 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.55 119.47 120.02 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.31 64.75 76.06 Health and Survival 62nd 0.973 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 72nd 1.038 - - Political Empowerment 38th 0.352 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 36th 0.565 -27.80 36.10 63.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 26th 0.700 -17.65 41.18 58.82 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 70th 0.009 -49.15 0.43 49.58 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 305

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Portugal 0.765 32nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 253.66 1.21 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 33.67 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.12 Early marriage % 0.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.27 30.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.42 4.85 10.27 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 35.00 78.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 11.72 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 31.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 14.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 9.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 58.09 41.91 1.39 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 61.86 38.14 1.62 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.98 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 60.15 39.85 1.51 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.60 5.70 6.20 Education 80.01 19.99 4.00 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 36.60 27.39 31.95 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.86 22.14 3.52 and care work % 17.81 10.24 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 17.44 82.56 0.21 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.45 2.43 4.89 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 13.14 19.10 0.69 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.68 0.86 0.76 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1931, 1934, 1976 Graduates from tertiary education 66.26 46.31 56.24 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 19.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 8.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.40 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 306

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Qatar 0.627 133rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Qatar score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.627 133rd 0.617 137th 0.508 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.508 132nd 0.499 133rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.071 0.982 l t i o o P n 0.982 93rd 0.987 83rd Health and Survival 0.947 143rd 0.947 142nd 0.947 Health Political Empowerment 0.071 133rd 0.033 143rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 132nd 0.508 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 118th 0.625 -35.81 59.60 95.41 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 13th 0.746 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 123rd 0.473 -57.29 51.32 108.61 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 135th 0.120 -78.50 10.75 89.25 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 137th 0.246 -60.56 19.72 80.28 Educational Attainment 93rd 0.982 - - - - Literacy rate % 64th 0.998 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.04 96.61 99.65 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 126th 0.925 -0.04 0.48 0.52 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 52.11 10.67 62.78 Health and Survival 143rd 0.947 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 146th 0.955 - - Political Empowerment 133rd 0.071 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 140th 0.046 -91.20 4.40 95.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 77th 0.231 -62.50 18.75 81.25 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 307

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Qatar 0.627 133rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 179.68 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 92.86 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.38 Early marriage % 3.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -2.65 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.74 1.95 2.69 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 50.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 71.77 28.23 2.54 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.26 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 65.84 34.16 1.93 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 0.46 0.08 0.14 Education 94.34 5.66 16.67 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 3.38 1.26 1.55 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 37.21 62.79 0.59 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 88.08 11.92 7.39 and care work % 8.19 2.22 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.27 1.60 1.87 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 77.54 22.46 3.45 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 1.79 1.16 1.54 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.52 0.42 0.44 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1998, 2003 Graduates from tertiary education 32.47 2.86 9.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 100.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 9.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.82 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Unequal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 308

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Romania 0.697 88th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Romania score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.697 88th 0.698 90th 0.693 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.693 72nd 0.710 63rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.117 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 36th 0.998 39th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.117 113th 0.102 122nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 72nd 0.693 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 105th 0.664 -20.78 41.02 61.80 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 40th 0.698 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 76th 0.636 -13.81 24.09 37.90 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 64th 0.558 -28.33 35.84 64.17 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 13.68 43.16 56.84 Educational Attainment 36th 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 66th 0.996 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 73rd 0.999 -0.12 87.56 87.69 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 0.43 86.89 87.33 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 13.44 46.74 60.18 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 113th 0.117 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 102nd 0.236 -61.80 19.10 80.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 123rd 0.111 -80.00 10.00 90.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 54th 0.037 -46.47 1.76 48.24 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 309

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Romania 0.697 88th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 284.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 30.77 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.07 Early marriage % 6.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.76 27.10 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 10.15 9.51 19.66 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 21.00 607.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 3.30 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.70 STEM Graduates 41.22 58.78 0.70 Firms with female top managers % firms 17.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 40.65 59.35 0.69 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.03 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 67.01 32.99 2.03 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.10 6.10 5.60 Education 90.75 9.25 9.81 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 11.12 8.28 9.47 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 71.79 28.21 2.55 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 33.19 66.81 0.50 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 3.30 4.45 7.75 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 66.86 33.14 2.02 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 17.60 19.75 0.89 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.08 0.08 0.08 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1929, 1946 Graduates from tertiary education 50.56 34.43 42.22 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 18.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 24.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 93.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.60 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 310

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Rwanda 0.794 12th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Rwanda score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.794 12th 0.811 6th 0.699 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.699 67th 0.747 33rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.541 0.963 l t i o o P n 0.963 110th 0.960 108th Health and Survival 0.974 55th 0.974 59th 0.974 Health Political Empowerment 0.541 9th 0.563 7th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 67th 0.699 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 60th 0.817 -11.78 52.59 64.37 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 7th 0.781 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 109th 0.541 -1.34 1.58 2.93 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 74th 0.538 -30.01 34.99 65.01 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 94th 0.781 -12.30 43.85 56.15 Educational Attainment 110th 0.963 - - - - Literacy rate % 104th 0.931 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.86 92.84 93.71 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 6.23 42.96 49.19 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 119th 0.802 -1.60 6.47 8.07 Health and Survival 55th 0.974 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 66th 1.042 - - Political Empowerment 9th 0.541 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 1st 1.000 22.60 38.70 61.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 15th 0.909 -4.76 47.62 52.38 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 68th 0.015 -48.56 0.72 49.28 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 311

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Rwanda 0.794 12th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 11.07 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.24 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 13.60 Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 4.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.37 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 7.04 6.74 13.78 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 4.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.90 STEM Graduates 35.36 64.64 0.55 Firms with female top managers % firms 21.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 87.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 37.47 62.53 0.60 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.64 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 55.38 44.62 1.24 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 17.80 14.53 16.10 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 53.70 51.04 52.29 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 58.31 41.69 1.40 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.74 1.89 3.63 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 3.60 3.90 0.92 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1961 Graduates from tertiary education 2.25 2.12 2.18 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 34.60 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 34.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 248.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.87 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 312

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Saudi Arabia 0.637 131st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Saudi Arabia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.637 131st 0.636 127th 0.521 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.521 130th 0.524 128th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.077 0.986 l t i o o P n 0.986 87th 0.979 93rd Health and Survival 0.964 114th 0.964 116th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.077 131st 0.077 132nd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 130th 0.521 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 134th 0.436 -44.62 34.55 79.17 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 15th 0.741 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 136th 0.288 -45.17 18.31 63.48 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 87th 0.986 - - - - Literacy rate % 89th 0.974 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.21 99.29 99.50 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 114th 0.961 -4.41 108.90 113.31 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 102nd 0.995 -0.36 71.22 71.58 Health and Survival 114th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 123rd 1.009 - - Political Empowerment 131st 0.077 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 99th 0.248 -60.20 19.90 80.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 313

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Saudi Arabia 0.637 131st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 833.54 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 44.34 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.73 Early marriage % 5.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.13 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 15.43 20.98 36.41 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 70.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 36.82 63.18 0.58 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.41 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 15.50 2.69 5.69 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 2.68 97.32 0.03 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 60.43 39.57 1.53 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 46.02 53.98 0.85 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force n. a. n. a. n. a. Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 1.70 7.33 0.23 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.66 1.46 1.15 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 63.40 40.83 51.39 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 17.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.46 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Unequal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 314

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Sene al 0.680 104th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Senegal score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.680 104th 0.668 112th 0.475 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.475 137th 0.483 136th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.353 0.926 l t i o o P n 0.926 125th 0.901 127th Health and Survival 0.967 97th 0.967 96th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.353 37th 0.324 39th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 137th 0.475 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 123rd 0.581 -27.05 37.48 64.53 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 57th 0.655 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 134th 0.366 -3.27 1.89 5.16 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 127th 0.180 -69.56 15.22 84.78 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 130th 0.405 -42.38 28.81 71.19 Educational Attainment 125th 0.926 - - - - Literacy rate % 138th 0.664 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 10.66 67.33 77.99 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 8.55 42.66 51.21 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 111th 0.915 -1.38 14.93 16.32 Health and Survival 97th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 106th 1.019 - - Political Empowerment 37th 0.353 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 12th 0.855 -7.80 46.10 53.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 73rd 0.259 -58.82 20.59 79.41 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 50th 0.053 -44.95 2.52 47.48 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 315

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Senegal 0.680 104th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 27.63 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.50 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 21.70 Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 25.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.65 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 8.80 8.52 17.32 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.80 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 14.10 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 90.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.31 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.16 2.82 2.95 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 75.32 56.92 63.85 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.50 2.30 3.80 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.04 0.10 0.07 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education 0 0 0 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 78.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 74.50 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 315.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.45 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Unequal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 316

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Serbia 0.760 38th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Serbia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.760 38th 0.779 23rd 0.697 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.697 69th 0.689 77th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.376 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 37th 0.998 37th Health and Survival 0.969 79th 0.972 71st 0.969 Health Political Empowerment 0.376 32nd 0.456 21st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 69th 0.697 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 79th 0.761 -15.63 49.75 65.38 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 56th 0.657 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 62nd 0.665 -8.04 15.97 24.02 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 83rd 0.493 -33.96 33.02 66.98 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 10.09 44.96 55.04 Educational Attainment 37th 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 72nd 0.992 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.37 96.07 96.44 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.60 91.60 93.21 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 24.53 57.25 81.78 Health and Survival 79th 0.969 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 132nd 0.935 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 58th 1.046 - - Political Empowerment 32nd 0.376 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 42nd 0.534 -30.40 34.80 65.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 34th 0.563 -28.00 36.00 64.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 25th 0.161 -36.15 6.93 43.07 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 317

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Serbia 0.760 38th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 63.08 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 19.83 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 8.81 Population sex ratio female/male 1.09 Early marriage % 3.50 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.94 28.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 3.76 3.46 7.22 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 135.00 7.00 230.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 18.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 18.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 69.18 30.82 2.25 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.91 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 60.00 40.00 1.50 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 11.63 9.92 10.69 Education 84.12 15.88 5.30 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 18.66 13.02 15.53 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 38.53 61.47 0.63 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 74.91 25.09 2.99 and care work % 19.17 8.69 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 28.55 71.45 0.40 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.42 1.70 3.12 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 71.16 28.84 2.47 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 23.32 25.95 0.90 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.36 0.14 0.26 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 23.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 12.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.48 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 318

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Sierra Leone 0.667 112th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Sierra Leone score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.667 112th 0.672 109th 0.684 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.684 78th 0.718 56th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.087 0.932 l t i o o P n 0.932 124th 0.921 124th Health and Survival 0.966 104th 0.966 103rd 0.966 Health Political Empowerment 0.087 128th 0.083 131st Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 78th 0.684 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 9th 0.911 -5.07 51.58 56.65 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 60th 0.653 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 32nd 0.743 -0.48 1.38 1.85 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 63rd 0.560 -28.17 35.91 64.08 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 123rd 0.435 -39.36 30.32 69.68 Educational Attainment 124th 0.932 - - - - Literacy rate % 134th 0.725 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.20 98.26 98.46 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 110th 0.966 -1.47 41.06 42.53 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 104th 0.966 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 113th 1.015 - - Political Empowerment 128th 0.087 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 125th 0.149 -74.00 13.00 87.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 101st 0.167 -71.43 14.29 85.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 319

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Sierra Leone 0.667 112th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 4.04 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 1.61 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.80 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 19.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.24 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.29 4.31 8.61 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.90 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 15.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 93.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.47 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.25 4.37 3.27 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 28.42 21.61 25.16 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.08 1.06 2.14 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1961 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 45.30 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 86.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 1.12 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.08 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 320

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Singapore 0.739 49th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Singapore score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.739 49th 0.734 49th 0.774 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.774 23rd 0.765 28th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.220 0.993 l t i o o P n 0.993 72nd 0.993 65th Health and Survival 0.971 66th 0.963 123rd 0.971 Health Political Empowerment 0.220 68th 0.217 66th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 23rd 0.774 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 54th 0.835 -12.65 63.85 76.50 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 6th 0.783 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 30th 0.747 -30.53 90.07 120.60 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 48th 0.616 -23.72 38.14 61.86 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 85th 0.893 -5.65 47.17 52.83 Educational Attainment 72nd 0.993 - - - - Literacy rate % 90th 0.972 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.14 99.73 99.87 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 88th 0.991 -0.94 102.72 103.66 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 9.89 88.38 98.27 Health and Survival 66th 0.971 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 80th 1.032 - - Political Empowerment 68th 0.220 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 56th 0.410 -41.80 29.10 70.90 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 106th 0.154 -73.33 13.33 86.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 31st 0.123 -39.07 5.46 44.54 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 321

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Singapore 0.739 49th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 396.99 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 106.03 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.91 Early marriage % 0.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -4.17 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.85 3.13 5.98 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 14.00 28.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 64.96 35.04 1.85 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 65.91 34.09 1.93 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.74 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 58.27 41.73 1.40 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.14 4.33 4.71 Education 83.21 16.79 4.95 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 14.11 7.68 10.71 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 32.22 67.78 0.48 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.04 1.19 2.23 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 61.72 38.28 1.61 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 65.76 34.24 1.92 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 22.55 24.46 0.92 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1965 Graduates from tertiary education 72.57 57.63 64.69 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 6.10 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.60 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 8.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.10 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 322

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Slovakia 0.720 63rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Slovakia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.720 63rd 0.717 67th 0.718 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.718 50th 0.699 70th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.183 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 24th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.183 80th 0.189 83rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 50th 0.718 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 56th 0.830 -11.25 55.08 66.33 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 86th 0.611 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 55th 0.680 -12.17 25.92 38.09 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 50th 0.613 -24.01 37.99 62.01 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 12.52 43.74 56.26 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.23 96.99 97.22 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.05 90.08 91.14 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 18.71 38.51 57.22 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 80th 0.183 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 87th 0.282 -56.00 22.00 78.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 101st 0.167 -71.43 14.29 85.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 32nd 0.122 -39.09 5.46 44.55 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 323

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Slovakia 0.720 63rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 116.53 1.79 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 31.87 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.05 Early marriage % 1.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.21 27.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.89 2.76 5.64 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 238.00 0 899.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 11.70 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 27.70 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.80 STEM Graduates 35.22 64.78 0.54 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 16.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 59.28 40.72 1.46 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.39 31.61 2.16 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.69 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.50 6.00 6.20 Education 81.80 18.20 4.50 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 36.04 21.87 28.51 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.16 71.84 0.39 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.00 23.00 3.35 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.25 1.38 2.63 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 63.71 36.29 1.76 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.79 29.21 2.42 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 21.27 24.50 0.87 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.76 0.92 0.84 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1993 Graduates from tertiary education 42.10 24.71 33.18 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 23.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.57 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 324

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Slovenia 0.773 29th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Slovenia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.773 29th 0.744 39th 0.760 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.760 30th 0.802 12th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.358 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 26th Health and Survival 0.972 63rd 0.977 48th 0.972 Health Political Empowerment 0.358 36th 0.197 79th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 30th 0.760 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 35th 0.860 -8.81 54.05 62.86 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 21st 0.735 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 35th 0.737 -12.10 33.95 46.05 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 76th 0.515 -32.02 33.99 66.01 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 8.55 45.72 54.28 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.81 98.81 99.62 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 1.74 111.13 112.87 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 29.13 65.88 95.01 Health and Survival 63rd 0.972 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 125th 0.938 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 54th 1.050 - - Political Empowerment 36th 0.358 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 33rd 0.608 -24.40 37.80 62.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 28th 0.625 -23.08 38.46 61.54 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 57th 0.035 -46.62 1.69 48.31 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 325

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Slovenia 0.773 29th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 61.75 1.81 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 40.04 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 0.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.27 29.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.05 1.07 2.12 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 105.00 30.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 8.19 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 19.40 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.10 STEM Graduates 33.32 66.68 0.50 Firms with female top managers % firms 18.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 7.70 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 58.62 41.38 1.42 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 68.02 31.98 2.13 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.47 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 65.74 34.26 1.92 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.30 3.80 4.00 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 33.42 23.31 27.93 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 26.73 73.27 0.36 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.69 22.31 3.48 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 14.08 85.92 0.16 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.44 0.52 0.95 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 61.44 38.56 1.59 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 70.44 29.56 2.38 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 31.00 39.03 0.79 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 3.89 3.27 3.58 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946 Graduates from tertiary education 59.96 34.01 46.49 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats 17.50 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 7.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.60 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 326

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) South Africa 0.787 20th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 South Africa score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.787 20th 0.782 20th 0.676 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.676 81st 0.649 92nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.497 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 43rd 0.998 41st Health and Survival 0.979 29th 0.979 32nd 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.497 13th 0.502 12th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 81st 0.676 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 66th 0.795 -12.80 49.56 62.36 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 111th 0.549 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 42nd 0.714 -4.45 11.14 15.60 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 88th 0.462 -36.76 31.62 68.38 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 5.07 47.46 52.54 Educational Attainment 43rd 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 79th 0.989 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.14 87.26 89.41 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 8.71 97.78 106.49 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 10.67 18.93 29.60 Health and Survival 29th 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 40th 1.057 - - Political Empowerment 13th 0.497 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 9th 0.862 -7.40 46.30 53.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 13th 0.929 -3.70 48.15 51.85 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 79th 0.000 -49.99 0.00 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 327

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 South Africa 0.787 20th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 419.02 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 13.31 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 14.90 Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 6.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.00 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 30.73 29.17 59.89 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 120.00 10.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 34.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.70 STEM Graduates 42.76 57.24 0.75 Firms with female top managers % firms 38.50 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 41.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 52.22 47.78 1.09 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 61.96 38.04 1.63 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.55 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 57.28 42.72 1.34 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 31.27 27.90 29.44 Education 76.12 23.88 3.19 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 18.28 11.20 14.38 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 32.24 67.76 0.48 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 74.89 25.11 2.98 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 38.43 61.57 0.62 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 10.19 11.86 22.05 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 56.35 43.65 1.29 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.30 31.70 2.15 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 2.31 2.00 1.16 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.18 0.92 0.69 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1930, 1984, 1994 Graduates from tertiary education 15.77 9.32 12.52 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 44.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 119.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.40 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 328

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Spain 0.791 18th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Spain score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.791 18th 0.788 17th 0.722 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.722 48th 0.709 64th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.475 0.998 l t i o o P n 0.998 39th 0.998 36th Health and Survival 0.967 98th 0.965 107th 0.967 Health Political Empowerment 0.475 18th 0.481 17th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 48th 0.722 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 41st 0.847 -9.60 53.10 62.70 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 64th 0.650 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 43rd 0.709 -12.96 31.56 44.52 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 82nd 0.500 -33.35 33.33 66.68 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 2.19 48.91 51.10 Educational Attainment 39th 0.998 - - - - Literacy rate % 76th 0.992 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.38 97.96 98.34 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 3.61 123.08 126.70 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 20.34 86.04 106.39 Health and Survival 98th 0.967 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 115th 0.943 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 100th 1.022 - - Political Empowerment 18th 0.475 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 20th 0.736 -15.20 42.40 57.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 1st 1.000 27.27 36.36 63.64 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 329

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Spain 0.791 18th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 1,427.38 1.27 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 37.91 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.04 Early marriage % 4.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.11 31.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 24.25 23.31 47.56 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 112.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 8.09 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 32.60 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 10.10 STEM Graduates 29.56 70.44 0.42 Firms with female top managers % firms 17.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 6.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 59.05 40.95 1.44 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.92 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 55.87 44.13 1.27 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 14.90 11.40 13.00 Education 76.10 23.90 3.18 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 45.58 27.87 36.04 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 26.61 73.39 0.36 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 72.59 27.41 2.65 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 12.97 87.03 0.15 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 10.32 11.48 21.79 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 49.94 50.06 1.00 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 63.97 36.03 1.78 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 14.72 19.07 0.77 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.75 1.03 0.88 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1931 Graduates from tertiary education 57.81 37.02 47.17 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 39.30 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 4.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.23 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 330

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Sri Lanka 0.663 115th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Sri Lanka score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.663 115th 0.670 110th 0.555 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.555 124th 0.556 122nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.130 0.988 l t i o o P n 0.988 85th 0.988 80th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.130 106th 0.157 93rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 124th 0.555 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 133rd 0.445 -39.84 31.96 71.80 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 42nd 0.695 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 132nd 0.389 -11.98 7.62 19.59 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 105th 0.370 -45.97 27.01 72.99 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 82nd 0.905 -5.00 47.50 52.50 Educational Attainment 85th 0.988 - - - - Literacy rate % 85th 0.982 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 99th 0.982 -1.77 96.53 98.30 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 4.59 98.04 102.63 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 9.71 17.29 27.00 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 106th 0.130 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 138th 0.056 -89.40 5.30 94.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 14th 0.255 -29.71 10.15 39.85 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 331

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Sri Lanka 0.663 115th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 88.93 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 13.39 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 7.50 Population sex ratio female/male 1.08 Early marriage % 10.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.08 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 11.32 10.52 21.83 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 40.57 59.43 0.68 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 67.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.71 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 8.64 4.22 5.74 Education 72.85 27.15 2.68 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 42.33 30.53 34.41 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 28.44 71.56 0.40 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 37.64 62.36 0.60 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.54 4.99 7.53 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 56.87 43.13 1.32 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 3.42 4.33 0.79 Access to land assets Restricted rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1948 Graduates from tertiary education 15.60 8.67 12.16 Number of female heads of state to date number 2 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 16.60 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.50 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 36.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.00 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 332

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Suriname 0.736 52nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Suriname score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.736 52nd 0.737 44th 0.740 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.740 37th 0.731 46th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.232 0.993 l t i o o P n 0.993 70th 0.992 69th Health and Survival 0.979 31st 0.973 61st 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.232 66th 0.253 53rd Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 37th 0.740 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 102nd 0.673 -22.00 45.34 67.34 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 72nd 0.642 -6.44 11.56 18.00 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 23rd 0.762 -13.51 43.25 56.75 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 13.65 43.17 56.83 Educational Attainment 70th 0.993 - - - - Literacy rate % 94th 0.968 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 2.81 81.37 84.19 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 13.91 63.96 77.87 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 31st 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 42nd 1.057 - - Political Empowerment 66th 0.232 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 55th 0.416 -41.20 29.40 70.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 51st 0.417 -41.18 29.41 70.59 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 333

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Suriname 0.736 52nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 2.98 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 14.77 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 28.43 Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % n. a. Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.97 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.31 0.31 0.62 Right to divorce n. a. Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 8.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 15.30 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 11.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 52.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 3.79 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 11.32 5.65 8.00 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 44.83 27.49 34.39 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.07 0.10 0.18 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services n. a. Inheritance rights for widows and daughters n. a. Vocational training 17.10 19.73 0.87 Access to land assets n. a. Access to non-land assets n. a. PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 98.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 120.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.37 Access to justice n. a. 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement n. a. Reproductive autonomy n. a. *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 334

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Sweden 0.815 5th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Sweden score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.815 5th 0.822 5th 0.795 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.795 15th 0.812 5th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.503 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.963 118th 0.963 124th 0.963 Health Political Empowerment 0.503 11th 0.515 10th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 15th 0.795 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 11th 0.903 -6.82 63.25 70.07 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 43rd 0.694 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 27th 0.753 -15.06 46.02 61.08 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 24th 0.754 -14.05 42.99 57.04 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 3.80 48.10 51.90 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 11.87 139.83 151.70 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 39.69 65.29 104.98 Health and Survival 118th 0.963 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 129th 1.006 - - Political Empowerment 11th 0.503 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 8th 0.866 -7.20 46.40 53.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 14th 0.917 -4.35 47.83 52.17 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 66th 0.018 -48.24 0.88 49.12 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 335

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Sweden 0.815 5th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 635.66 3.42 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 53.61 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 8.50 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 0.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.60 29.70 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 5.23 5.32 10.55 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 14.00 300.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 7.42 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 37.90 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 8.60 STEM Graduates 35.48 64.52 0.55 Firms with female top managers % firms 14.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 3.20 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 62.80 37.20 1.69 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.34 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 64.36 35.64 1.81 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 8.10 7.10 7.60 Education 79.71 20.29 3.93 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 53.77 41.08 47.04 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 32.77 67.23 0.49 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 80.80 19.20 4.21 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.36 2.65 5.01 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 11.81 16.34 0.72 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 1.03 1.56 1.29 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 68.18 33.98 50.52 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 28.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 4.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.66 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 336

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Switzerland 0.783 21st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Switzerland score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.783 21st 0.795 13th 0.700 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.700 63rd 0.729 47th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.491 0.978 l t i o o P n 0.978 102nd 0.988 82nd Health and Survival 0.964 115th 0.964 117th 0.964 Health Political Empowerment 0.491 14th 0.499 13th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 63rd 0.700 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 37th 0.856 -10.45 62.23 72.68 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 38th 0.703 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 103rd 0.571 -38.88 51.73 90.60 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 89th 0.460 -36.98 31.51 68.49 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 74th 0.966 -1.71 49.15 50.85 Educational Attainment 102nd 0.978 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 122nd 0.947 -5.53 99.73 105.26 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 3.70 63.52 67.22 Health and Survival 115th 0.964 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 124th 1.009 - - Political Empowerment 14th 0.491 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 21st 0.715 -16.60 41.70 58.30 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 20th 0.750 -14.29 42.86 57.14 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 19th 0.190 -34.03 7.98 42.02 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 337

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Switzerland 0.783 21st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 800.64 1.73 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 71.03 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.01 Early marriage % 0.40 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.75 31.10 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.40 4.34 8.74 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 13.80 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 30.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 22.32 77.68 0.29 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 1.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 61.06 38.94 1.57 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.47 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 44.59 55.41 0.80 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.68 4.20 4.43 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 49.66 21.40 34.61 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 15.99 84.01 0.19 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 73.83 26.17 2.82 and care work % 17.31 11.47 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 9.93 90.07 0.11 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.03 2.32 4.35 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 41.92 58.08 0.72 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 68.53 31.47 2.18 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 19.13 26.31 0.73 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 2.14 3.83 2.96 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1971 Graduates from tertiary education 57.34 54.36 55.82 Number of female heads of state to date number 5 Seats held in upper house % total seats 28.90 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 9.80 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 5.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.46 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 338

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ta#ikistan 0.672 111th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Tajikistan score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.672 111th 0.663 114th 0.618 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.618 105th 0.609 107th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.156 0.942 l t i o o P n 0.942 121st 0.942 117th Health and Survival 0.970 70th 0.969 84th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.156 93rd 0.130 109th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 105th 0.618 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 119th 0.617 -20.23 32.64 52.87 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 26th 0.723 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 124th 0.469 -2.81 2.49 5.30 - Legislators, senior officials and managers % - - - - - - Professional and technical workers % - - - - - Educational Attainment 121st 0.942 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 94th 0.987 -1.24 97.51 98.75 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 128th 0.901 -9.17 83.81 92.98 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 122nd 0.757 -8.62 26.85 35.47 Health and Survival 70th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 117th 0.941 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 75th 1.038 - - Political Empowerment 93rd 0.156 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 73rd 0.370 -46.00 27.00 73.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 101st 0.167 -71.43 14.29 85.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 339

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Tajikistan 0.672 111th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 8.75 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.90 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.70 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 14.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.14 23.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.94 5.01 9.95 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 140.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 6.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 6.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.99 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) n. a. n. a. n. a. Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.73 1.12 1.84 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 3.19 7.79 5.47 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1991 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 25.80 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.30 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 94.80 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 17.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.24 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 340

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Tan1ania 0.740 48th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Tanzania score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.740 48th 0.719 64th 0.715 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.715 53rd 0.705 65th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.309 0.964 l t i o o P n 0.964 108th 0.957 110th Health and Survival 0.970 75th 0.970 80th 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.309 45th 0.245 60th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 53rd 0.715 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 13th 0.896 -8.87 76.16 85.03 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 24th 0.725 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 3rd 0.903 -0.26 2.45 2.72 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 103rd 0.387 -44.17 27.91 72.09 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 122nd 0.456 -37.39 31.31 68.69 Educational Attainment 108th 0.964 - - - - Literacy rate % 111th 0.915 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.09 82.39 85.49 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.27 27.54 29.81 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 114th 0.836 -1.40 7.13 8.53 Health and Survival 75th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 88th 1.028 - - Political Empowerment 45th 0.309 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 35th 0.597 -25.20 37.40 62.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 50th 0.429 -40.00 30.00 70.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 53rd 0.040 -46.11 1.95 48.06 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 341

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Tanzania 0.740 48th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 67.84 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.58 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 22.10 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 25.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.01 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 33.13 32.37 65.50 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 3.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 9.90 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 14.00 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 93.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.84 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.88 1.93 2.90 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 44.60 29.29 36.80 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 16.46 4.24 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 9.37 9.53 18.90 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 0.04 0.08 0.50 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1961 Graduates from tertiary education 2.74 3.82 3.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 41.70 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 63.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 524.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.80 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 342

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Thailand 0.711 74th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Thailand score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.711 74th 0.709 79th 0.772 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.772 24th 0.795 15th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.101 0.995 l t i o o P n 0.995 61st 0.979 92nd Health and Survival 0.977 42nd 0.978 37th 0.977 Health Political Empowerment 0.101 120th 0.084 130th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 24th 0.772 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 70th 0.787 -15.99 59.23 75.22 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 17th 0.740 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 12th 0.826 -3.27 15.49 18.76 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 66th 0.550 -29.01 35.50 64.50 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 18.57 40.72 59.29 Educational Attainment 61st 0.995 - - - - Literacy rate % 91st 0.972 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.14 98.38 98.51 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 6.09 97.33 103.41 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 13.64 37.31 50.96 Health and Survival 42nd 0.977 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 121st 0.940 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 120th 0.101 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 115th 0.199 -66.80 16.60 83.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 135th 0.056 -89.47 5.26 94.74 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 48th 0.058 -44.49 2.76 47.24 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 343

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Thailand 0.711 74th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 505.95 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 17.08 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 8.04 Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 17.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.18 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 36.89 34.81 71.70 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 90.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 33.40 STEM Graduates 30.14 69.86 0.43 Firms with female top managers % firms 64.80 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 65.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 65.19 34.81 1.87 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.37 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.12 0.89 1.00 Education 71.68 28.32 2.53 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 21.76 21.03 21.36 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 11.83 3.75 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 47.85 52.15 0.92 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 16.81 19.10 35.91 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 70.72 29.28 2.42 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 62.23 37.77 1.65 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 9.36 12.87 0.73 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.05 0.13 0.09 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education 31.29 19.45 25.32 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats 10.40 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 44.20 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 37.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.34 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 344

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Timor-Leste 0.693 95th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Timor-Leste score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.693 95th 0.730 56th 0.574 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.574 120th 0.721 55th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.253 0.980 l t i o o P n 0.980 97th 0.977 95th Health and Survival 0.965 106th 0.973 66th 0.965 Health Political Empowerment 0.253 60th 0.250 55th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 120th 0.574 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 101st 0.674 -13.47 27.91 41.38 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 16th 0.798 -1.13 4.46 5.59 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 131st 0.153 -73.45 13.27 86.73 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 118th 0.516 -31.95 34.03 65.97 Educational Attainment 97th 0.980 - - - - Literacy rate % 112th 0.907 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.49 93.23 96.71 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 8.59 82.54 91.13 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 106th 0.965 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 135th 0.934 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 76th 1.037 - - Political Empowerment 60th 0.253 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 26th 0.667 -20.00 40.00 60.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 95th 0.188 -68.42 15.79 84.21 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 345

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Timor-Leste 0.693 95th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 3.62 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 5.03 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 25.30 Population sex ratio female/male 0.96 Early marriage % 8.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 1.60 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.66 0.68 1.34 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 23.40 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 32.20 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 80.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.62 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.13 1.99 2.44 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 38.22 32.45 34.76 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.10 0.15 0.25 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Uneven rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 4.46 5.55 0.80 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 58.80 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 56.70 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 142.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.25 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 346

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Togo 0.696 90th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Togo score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.696 90th 0.697 91st 0.796 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.796 13th 0.798 13th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.173 0.837 l t i o o P n 0.837 136th 0.817 136th Health and Survival 0.979 30th 0.979 33rd 0.979 Health Political Empowerment 0.173 86th 0.195 80th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 13th 0.796 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 7th 0.923 -4.68 55.92 60.60 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 10th 0.830 -0.39 1.93 2.32 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 1st 1.000 40.22 29.89 70.11 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 135th 0.276 -56.73 21.63 78.37 Educational Attainment 136th 0.837 - - - - Literacy rate % 136th 0.688 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 100th 0.982 -1.78 95.96 97.75 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 135th 0.813 -13.22 57.65 70.86 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 130th 0.561 -8.66 11.06 19.71 Health and Survival 30th 0.979 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 41st 1.057 - - Political Empowerment 86th 0.173 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 100th 0.247 -60.40 19.80 80.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 62nd 0.300 -53.85 23.08 76.92 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 51st 0.051 -45.16 2.42 47.58 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 347

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Togo 0.696 90th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 8.41 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.12 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 34.00 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % 13.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.37 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 4.40 4.45 8.85 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 2.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 10.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 11.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 90.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 2.99 5.00 3.96 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.98 0.94 1.92 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 2.35 3.47 0.68 Access to land assets Uneven rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1960 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 22.10 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 69.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 396.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.32 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 348

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Tunisia 0.642 128th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Tunisia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.642 128th 0.643 120th 0.451 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.451 138th 0.445 140th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.197 0.950 l t i o o P n 0.950 117th 0.943 115th Health and Survival 0.969 81st 0.969 85th 0.969 Health Political Empowerment 0.197 77th 0.216 68th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 138th 0.451 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 137th 0.388 -41.78 26.49 68.27 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 49th 0.672 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 135th 0.305 -11.16 4.89 16.05 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 137th 0.118 -78.93 10.54 89.47 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 103rd 0.663 -20.28 39.86 60.14 Educational Attainment 117th 0.950 - - - - Literacy rate % 121st 0.859 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 12.42 86.90 99.32 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 22.47 26.68 49.15 Health and Survival 81st 0.969 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 92nd 1.024 - - Political Empowerment 77th 0.197 - - - - Women in parliament % - - - - - 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 61st 0.029 -47.23 1.39 48.61 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 349

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Tunisia 0.642 128th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 46.69 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 10.40 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 19.90 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 3.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.83 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 6.26 6.10 12.36 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 30.00 1.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 7.70 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 10.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 61.30 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 73.85 26.15 2.82 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 79.91 20.09 3.98 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.59 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 22.77 12.61 15.56 Education 75.38 24.62 3.06 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 28.61 17.26 19.93 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 44.19 55.81 0.79 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.26 24.74 3.04 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 55.64 44.36 1.25 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.00 2.53 3.53 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 77.15 22.85 3.38 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1957, 1959 Graduates from tertiary education 39.79 19.26 29.10 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 20.30 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.50 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 43.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 2.11 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 350

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Türkiye 0.638 129th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Türkiye score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.638 129th 0.639 124th 0.500 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.500 133rd 0.493 134th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.106 0.980 l t i o o P n 0.980 99th 0.973 101st Health and Survival 0.966 100th 0.966 99th 0.966 Health Political Empowerment 0.106 118th 0.123 112th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 133rd 0.500 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 130th 0.467 -37.44 32.82 70.26 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 91st 0.603 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 128th 0.445 -24.17 19.36 43.53 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 119th 0.245 -60.70 19.65 80.35 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 98th 0.708 -17.06 41.47 58.53 Educational Attainment 99th 0.980 - - - - Literacy rate % 100th 0.953 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 80th 0.996 -0.36 94.92 95.28 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 107th 0.973 -2.85 102.95 105.80 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 106th 0.971 -3.43 115.36 118.79 Health and Survival 100th 0.966 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 108th 1.017 - - Political Empowerment 118th 0.106 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 110th 0.211 -65.20 17.40 82.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 134th 0.063 -88.24 5.88 94.12 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 49th 0.057 -44.60 2.70 47.30 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 351

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Türkiye 0.638 129th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 819.04 0.54 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 31.47 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 11.60 Population sex ratio female/male 1.00 Early marriage % 6.70 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.76 26.60 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 42.58 42.76 85.34 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 112.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 9.98 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 18.00 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 3.90 STEM Graduates 34.69 65.31 0.53 Firms with female top managers % firms 3.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 29.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 43.62 56.38 0.77 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.08 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 47.00 53.00 0.89 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 15.05 10.88 12.24 Education 64.03 35.97 1.78 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 26.93 15.06 18.77 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 27.13 72.87 0.37 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 66.97 33.03 2.03 and care work % 19.15 3.71 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 8.82 18.91 27.73 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 53.12 46.88 1.13 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 20.67 23.16 0.89 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.34 0.50 0.42 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1930, 1934 Graduates from tertiary education 43.75 39.96 41.82 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 38.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 97.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 17.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.92 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 352

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Uganda 0.706 78th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Uganda score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.706 78th 0.724 61st 0.623 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.623 102nd 0.696 73rd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.297 0.924 l t i o o P n 0.924 126th 0.924 122nd Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.297 49th 0.294 46th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 102nd 0.623 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 108th 0.655 -19.71 37.42 57.13 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 27th 0.720 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 111th 0.533 -1.37 1.57 2.94 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 73rd 0.540 -29.90 35.05 64.95 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 109th 0.590 -25.77 37.11 62.89 Educational Attainment 126th 0.924 - - - - Literacy rate % 118th 0.885 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.35 84.43 87.78 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 127th 0.901 -2.51 22.93 25.43 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 123rd 0.741 -1.52 4.33 5.84 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 49th 0.297 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 45th 0.511 -32.40 33.80 66.20 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 56th 0.035 -46.61 1.69 48.31 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 353

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Uganda 0.706 78th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 40.53 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.25 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 15.00 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 22.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 3.21 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 23.85 23.40 47.25 Right to divorce Restricted rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 4.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 10.20 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 15.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 91.10 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.71 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.15 2.96 3.54 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 40.61 31.42 35.12 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % 14.58 7.50 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 6.12 6.50 12.62 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Restricted rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Unequal rights Access to non-land assets Uneven rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1962 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 49.90 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 74.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 375.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.69 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 354

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Ukraine 0.714 66th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Ukraine score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.714 66th 0.707 81st 0.714 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.714 55th 0.710 62nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.172 0.996 l t i o o P n 0.996 56th 0.995 53rd Health and Survival 0.976 45th 0.978 37th 0.976 Health Political Empowerment 0.172 87th 0.145 100th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 55th 0.714 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 80th 0.760 -15.10 47.77 62.87 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 66th 0.640 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 77th 0.633 -5.93 10.22 16.15 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 34th 0.695 -18.00 41.00 59.00 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 23.62 38.19 61.81 Educational Attainment 56th 0.996 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.94 91.05 92.99 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 101st 0.981 -1.89 95.03 96.92 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 11.99 76.83 88.82 Health and Survival 45th 0.976 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 123rd 0.939 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 87th 0.172 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 95th 0.256 -59.20 20.40 79.60 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 68th 0.267 -57.89 21.05 78.95 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 47th 0.060 -44.33 2.83 47.17 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 355

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Ukraine 0.714 66th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 200.09 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 12.94 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.16 Early marriage % 7.20 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.77 26.20 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 21.47 18.23 39.70 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 126.00 14.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 15.00 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 17.70 Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 32.89 67.11 0.49 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.94 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 59.16 40.84 1.45 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 10.63 9.92 10.26 Education 76.57 23.43 3.27 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 19.59 11.26 15.27 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 25.23 74.77 0.34 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.70 22.30 3.48 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 17.46 82.54 0.21 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 7.79 8.49 16.28 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 73.04 26.96 2.71 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 3.31 5.50 0.60 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year n. a. Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 13.20 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.90 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.22 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 356

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) United Arab Emirates 0.712 71st 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 United Arab Emirates score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.712 71st 0.716 68th 0.536 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.536 128th 0.503 132nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.363 0.988 l t i o o P n 0.988 86th 0.997 49th Health and Survival 0.963 119th 0.963 122nd 0.963 Health Political Empowerment 0.363 35th 0.402 30th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 128th 0.536 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 122nd 0.582 -37.71 52.57 90.28 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 8th 0.776 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 133rd 0.381 -53.25 32.80 86.05 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 113th 0.301 -53.74 23.13 76.87 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 127th 0.417 -41.11 29.44 70.56 Educational Attainment 86th 0.988 - - - - Literacy rate % 83rd 0.983 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 87th 0.990 -0.99 98.76 99.75 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 99th 0.982 -1.87 104.36 106.22 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 15.04 49.73 64.77 Health and Survival 119th 0.963 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 130th 1.005 - - Political Empowerment 35th 0.363 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 1st 1.000 0 50.00 50.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 81st 0.214 -64.71 17.65 82.35 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 357

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 United Arab Emirates 0.712 71st Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 415.02 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 69.73 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 0.44 Early marriage % 6.80 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.83 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 2.89 6.55 9.44 Right to divorce Unequal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 60.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 41.49 58.51 0.71 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 80.95 19.05 4.25 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 82.34 17.66 4.66 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.62 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 43.19 56.81 0.76 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 6.20 2.12 3.12 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 3.94 2.23 2.64 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 81.09 18.91 4.29 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 55.39 44.61 1.24 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 1.65 5.10 6.75 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 85.94 14.06 6.11 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 77.44 22.56 3.43 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Unequal rights Vocational training 0.78 0.80 0.98 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.68 1.03 0.88 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 2005 Graduates from tertiary education 26.85 9.52 15.11 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.20 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 3.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.46 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 358

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) United Kingdom 0.792 15th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 United Kingdom score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.792 15th 0.780 22nd 0.731 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.731 43rd 0.733 44th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.472 0.999 l t i o o P n 0.999 34th 0.999 33rd Health and Survival 0.965 105th 0.965 105th 0.965 Health Political Empowerment 0.472 19th 0.423 24th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 43rd 0.731 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 36th 0.858 -9.71 58.46 68.17 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 41st 0.697 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 86th 0.619 -21.19 34.51 55.70 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 57th 0.583 -26.35 36.83 63.17 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 68th 0.992 -0.41 49.80 50.21 Educational Attainment 34th 0.999 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 76th 0.998 -0.22 97.91 98.13 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 2.78 115.52 118.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 21.06 59.15 80.21 Health and Survival 105th 0.965 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 116th 1.014 - - Political Empowerment 19th 0.472 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 43rd 0.527 -31.00 34.50 65.50 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 9th 0.418 -20.52 14.74 35.26 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 359

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 United Kingdom 0.792 15th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 3,131.38 2.31 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 44.98 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 3.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.37 29.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 34.15 33.36 67.51 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 42.00 14.00 231.00 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 14.35 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 37.80 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates 38.10 61.90 0.62 Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 24.50 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 63.30 36.70 1.72 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.10 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 53.70 46.30 1.16 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.61 4.02 3.83 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 56.23 27.56 41.11 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 23.46 76.54 0.31 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 75.37 24.63 3.06 and care work % 12.65 6.97 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 19.38 80.62 0.24 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 14.02 15.78 29.80 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 52.96 47.04 1.13 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 62.41 37.59 1.66 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training 15.81 18.48 0.86 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 0.88 1.29 1.08 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1918, 1928 Graduates from tertiary education 59.94 43.34 51.49 Number of female heads of state to date number 3 Seats held in upper house % total seats 29.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 29.00 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births n. a. Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 7.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.56 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 360

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) United States 0.748 43rd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 United States score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.748 43rd 0.769 27th 0.780 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.780 21st 0.778 22nd E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.248 0.995 l t i o o P n 0.995 59th 0.996 51st Health and Survival 0.970 78th 0.970 83rd 0.970 Health Political Empowerment 0.248 63rd 0.332 38th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 21st 0.780 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 53rd 0.836 -11.18 56.79 67.97 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 9th 0.773 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 58th 0.675 -24.73 51.42 76.16 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 33rd 0.695 -18.00 41.00 59.00 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 9.49 45.25 54.75 Educational Attainment 59th 0.995 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 68th 0.999 -0.08 97.96 98.03 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 102nd 0.979 -2.15 99.41 101.56 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 30.12 72.84 102.96 Health and Survival 78th 0.970 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 91st 1.028 - - Political Empowerment 63rd 0.248 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 59th 0.401 -42.80 28.60 71.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 37th 0.500 -33.33 33.33 66.67 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 361

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 United States 0.748 43rd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 23,315.08 0.67 GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 63.67 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 7.20 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 2.10 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.12 27.00 Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 170.79 167.50 338.29 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 0 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) 16.86 Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) 29.70 Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers n. a. Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 52.03 47.97 1.08 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 60.04 39.96 1.50 Advancement of women to leadership roles 5.28 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 50.51 49.49 1.02 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 3.66 3.73 3.70 Education 78.22 21.78 3.59 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 31.62 20.29 25.59 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 20.44 79.56 0.26 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 81.40 18.60 4.38 and care work % 15.33 9.67 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 66.54 76.65 143.19 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 52.45 47.55 1.10 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 65.25 34.75 1.88 Access to financial services Equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 1.66 1.36 1.22 Access to land assets Equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates 1.76 2.44 2.09 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1920, 1965 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 25.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 35.60 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 99.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 19.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.64 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 362

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Uruguay 0.714 67th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Uruguay score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.714 67th 0.711 72nd 0.726 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.726 47th 0.717 58th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.152 1.000 l t i o o P n 1.000 1st 1.000 1st Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.152 94th 0.146 98th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 47th 0.726 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 65th 0.796 -14.35 56.11 70.46 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 59th 0.653 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 60th 0.669 -9.08 18.40 27.48 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 43rd 0.644 -21.62 39.19 60.81 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 9.31 45.34 54.66 Educational Attainment 1st 1.000 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 0.89 99.00 99.89 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 12.44 113.86 126.30 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 43.62 66.04 109.66 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 94th 0.152 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 76th 0.357 -47.40 26.30 73.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 101st 0.167 -71.43 14.29 85.71 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 363

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Uruguay 0.714 67th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 59.32 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 22.80 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 n. a. Population sex ratio female/male 1.06 Early marriage % 12.00 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years -0.08 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 1.76 1.66 3.42 Right to divorce Equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 13.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 11.60 STEM Graduates 43.96 56.04 0.78 Firms with female top managers % firms 10.60 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 27.90 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 39.68 60.32 0.66 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.82 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 62.72 37.28 1.68 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 9.19 7.08 8.06 Education 84.86 15.14 5.60 Workers employed part-time % of employed people n. a. n. a. n. a. Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 45.92 54.08 0.85 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 77.54 22.46 3.45 and care work % 19.87 8.38 n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies 17.66 82.34 0.21 Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.73 0.85 1.58 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 70.69 29.31 2.41 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 74.33 25.67 2.90 Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Equal rights Vocational training 9.19 13.62 0.68 Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.06 0.06 0.06 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1932 Graduates from tertiary education 25.71 12.25 18.87 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 29.00 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 14.80 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 100.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 17.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.48 Access to justice Near-equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 364

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Vanuatu 0.678 108th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Vanuatu score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.678 108th 0.670 111th 0.742 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.742 35th 0.712 59th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.006 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 74th 0.991 73rd Health and Survival 0.971 65th 0.976 51st 0.971 Health Political Empowerment 0.006 145th 0.000 146th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 35th 0.742 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 39th 0.853 -9.27 53.93 63.20 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 94th 0.601 -1.38 2.09 3.47 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 55th 0.590 -25.79 37.11 62.91 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 1.15 49.42 50.57 Educational Attainment 74th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 81st 0.984 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 88th 0.990 -0.98 96.08 97.07 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 1st 1.000 3.98 52.99 56.97 - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 65th 0.971 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 134th 0.935 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 46th 1.054 - - Political Empowerment 145th 0.006 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 143rd 0.019 -96.20 1.90 98.10 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 140th 0.000 -100.00 0 100.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 365

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Vanuatu 0.678 108th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 0.96 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.78 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 24.20 Population sex ratio female/male 0.99 Early marriage % n. a. Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.36 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 0.16 0.16 0.33 Right to divorce n. a. Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 84.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms n. a. STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms n. a. Share of workers in informal sector % workers 72.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles n. a. Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 4.27 4.14 4.20 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 34.23 41.48 38.21 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 0.03 0.04 0.06 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services n. a. Inheritance rights for widows and daughters n. a. Vocational training 0.67 0.69 0.97 Access to land assets n. a. Access to non-land assets n. a. PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1975, 1980 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women n. a. Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 89.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 72.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.78 Access to justice n. a. 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement n. a. Reproductive autonomy n. a. *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 366

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Viet Nam 0.711 72nd 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Viet Nam score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.711 72nd 0.705 83rd 0.749 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.749 31st 0.751 31st E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.166 0.985 l t i o o P n 0.985 89th 0.985 88th Health and Survival 0.946 144th 0.950 141st 0.946 Health Political Empowerment 0.166 89th 0.135 106th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 31st 0.749 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 23rd 0.881 -9.30 68.54 77.84 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 28th 0.715 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 14th 0.814 -2.19 9.55 11.73 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 107th 0.344 -48.79 25.60 74.40 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 1st 1.000 11.68 44.16 55.84 Educational Attainment 89th 0.985 - - - - Literacy rate % 87th 0.975 - - - Enrolment in primary education % - - - - - - Enrolment in secondary education % - - - - - 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 4.22 33.35 37.57 Health and Survival 144th 0.946 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 144th 0.896 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 89th 0.166 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 53rd 0.435 -39.40 30.30 69.70 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 114th 0.125 -77.78 11.11 88.89 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 367

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Viet Nam 0.711 72nd Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 366.14 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 10.63 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 10.10 Population sex ratio female/male 1.02 Early marriage % 10.30 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 0.84 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 49.69 48.50 98.19 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 180.00 7.00 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 19.30 STEM Graduates 36.51 63.49 0.58 Firms with female top managers % firms 22.40 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 68.60 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.88 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 59.53 40.47 1.47 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 1.53 1.71 1.62 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 30.53 22.20 26.20 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 58.72 41.28 1.42 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 24.06 25.81 49.87 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 50.59 49.41 1.02 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.04 0.11 0.07 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1946 Graduates from tertiary education 22.95 14.84 18.78 Number of female heads of state to date number 1 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 34.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 96.10 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 43.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 1.96 Access to justice Equal rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Equal rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 368

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Zambia 0.699 85th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Zambia score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.699 85th 0.723 62nd 0.734 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.734 40th 0.803 10th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.102 0.979 l t i o o P n 0.979 101st 0.938 119th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.102 119th 0.173 85th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 40th 0.734 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 61st 0.816 -12.20 54.16 66.36 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) 47th 0.678 - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 40th 0.717 -1.07 2.71 3.78 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 22nd 0.763 -13.43 43.28 56.72 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 97th 0.740 -14.96 42.52 57.48 Educational Attainment 101st 0.979 - - - - Literacy rate % 108th 0.926 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 3.83 83.20 87.03 - Enrolment in secondary education % - - - - - - Enrolment in tertiary education % - - - - - Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 119th 0.102 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 118th 0.176 -70.00 15.00 85.00 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 94th 0.190 -68.00 16.00 84.00 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 369

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Zambia 0.699 85th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 22.15 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 3.24 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 19.70 Population sex ratio female/male 1.03 Early marriage % 18.60 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.84 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 10.14 9.88 20.02 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 16.50 STEM Graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Firms with female top managers % firms 12.90 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 86.00 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary n. a. n. a. n. a. 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities n. a. n. a. n. a. Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.87 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law n. a. n. a. n. a. Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 5.91 4.91 5.37 Education n. a. n. a. n. a. Workers employed part-time % of employed people 17.14 16.14 16.60 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction n. a. n. a. n. a. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare n. a. n. a. n. a. and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.15 2.48 4.63 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to financial services Near-equal rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Uneven rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Equal rights PhD graduates n. a. n. a. n. a. Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1962 Graduates from tertiary education n. a. n. a. n. a. Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats n. a. Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 42.70 Election list quotas for women, national n. a. Party membership quotas, voluntary n. a. Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 80.40 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 213.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 4.38 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Restricted rights Reproductive autonomy Restricted rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 370

Economy Profile Score Rank Index Edition (imparity = 0, parity = 1) (out of 146 countries) Zimbabwe 0.746 45th 2023 Global Gender Gap Index 2023 Edition Overview 2023 2022 Zimbabwe score Index and Subindex Score Rank Score Rank average score Economy Global Gender Gap Index 0.746 45th 0.734 50th 0.801 Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.801 10th 0.766 24th E d s u c c i Educational Attainment t a i 0.214 0.991 l t i o o P n 0.991 77th 0.989 78th Health and Survival 0.980 1st 0.980 1st 0.980 Health Political Empowerment 0.214 72nd 0.202 77th Global Gender Gap Index Indicators 2023 Compare with Difference Min Global average Indicator Rank Score* F-M Female vs Male Max 0 1 Min Max Economic Participation and Opportunity 10th 0.801 - - - 0-100 Labour-force participation rate % 52nd 0.838 -11.58 60.01 71.59 - Wage equality for similar work 1-7 (best) - - - - - 0-150 Estimated earned income int'l $ 1,000 2nd 0.976 -0.05 2.09 2.14 0-100 Legislators, senior officials and managers % 77th 0.515 -32.02 33.99 66.01 0-100 Professional and technical workers % 95th 0.771 -12.95 43.53 56.47 Educational Attainment 77th 0.991 - - - - Literacy rate % 1st 1.000 - - 0-100 Enrolment in primary education % 1st 1.000 1.74 85.50 87.24 0-200 Enrolment in secondary education % 115th 0.960 -2.15 51.35 53.49 0-200 Enrolment in tertiary education % 1st 1.000 1.68 8.01 9.69 Health and Survival 1st 0.980 - - - - Sex ratio at birth** % 1st 0.944 - - - Healthy life expectancy** years 1st 1.060 - - Political Empowerment 72nd 0.214 - - - 0-100 Women in parliament % 52nd 0.441 -38.80 30.60 69.40 0-100 Women in ministerial positions % 61st 0.313 -52.38 23.81 76.19 0-50 Years with female/male head of state (last 50) 80th 0.000 -50.00 0 50.00 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 371

Economy Profile Score Rank Page 2 of 2 Zimbabwe 0.746 45th Complementary Targets and Contextual Indicators 2023 General indicators Family and care Unit Unit Indicator Value Indicator Value GDPUS$ billions Public spending on family benefits % GPD 28.37 n. a. GDP per capita constant '17, intl. $ 1000 2.12 Unmet family planning % women 15-49 10.40 Population sex ratio female/male 1.12 Early marriage % 22.90 Population growth rate % Mean age of women at birth of first child years 2.05 n. a. Indicator Million people Female Male Value Indicator 0-1 (Equal rights) Value Total population 8.62 7.71 16.32 Right to divorce Near-equal rights Work participation and leadership Days Indicator Female Male Value Unit Indicator Value Length of parental leave 98.00 0 0 Gender pay gap % (OECD countries only) n. a. Education and skills Share of women's membership in boards % (OECD countries only) n. a. Attainment % Graduates Female Male Parity Firms with female majority ownership % firms 13.90 STEM Graduates 28.79 71.21 0.40 Firms with female top managers % firms 16.30 Share of workers in informal sector % workers 88.40 Agri., Forestry, Fisheries & Veterinary 50.86 49.14 1.03 1-7 (best) Indicator Value Arts & Humanities 46.20 53.80 0.86 Advancement of women to leadership roles 4.28 Indicator Unit Female Male Value Business, Admin. & Law 51.80 48.20 1.07 Unemployed adults % of labour force (15-64) 10.44 9.68 10.05 Education 40.41 59.59 0.68 Workers employed part-time % of employed people 70.94 52.75 61.65 Engineering, Manuf. & Construction 20.46 79.54 0.26 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic Health & Welfare 30.79 69.21 0.44 and care work % n. a. n. a. n. a. Information & Comm. Technologies n. a. n. a. n. a. Million people Indicator Female Male Value Labour-force 2.25 2.22 4.47 Natural Sci., Mathematics & Statistics 30.62 69.38 0.44 Access to finance 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Social Sci., Journalism & Information 45.66 54.34 0.84 Access to financial services Uneven rights Inheritance rights for widows and daughters Near-equal rights Vocational training n. a. n. a. n. a. Access to land assets Near-equal rights Access to non-land assets Near-equal rights PhD graduates 0.02 0.05 0.04 Civil and political freedom Unit Indicator Value Graduates % Female Male Value Year women received right to vote year 1957, 1980 Graduates from tertiary education 1.14 1.43 1.28 Number of female heads of state to date number 0 Seats held in upper house % total seats 44.20 Health Unit Indicator Value Indicator Yes/No Value Prevalence of gender violence in lifetime % women 35.40 Election list quotas for women, national Yes Party membership quotas, voluntary Yes Births attended by skilled personnel % live births 86.00 Maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births 458.00 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Total fertility rate births per woman 3.54 Access to justice Restricted rights 0-1 (Equal rights) Indicator Value Freedom of movement Equal rights Reproductive autonomy Uneven rights *Scores are on a 0 to 1 scale, where 1 represents the optimal situation or “parity”. Please see Appendix A and B for detailed methodology, definitions, sources and periods. **For all indicators, except the two health indicators, parity is benchmarked at 1. In the case of sex ratio at birth, the gender parity benchmark is set at 0.944 (see Klasen and Wink, 2003). In the case of healthy life expectancy the gender parity benchmark is set at 1.06, given women's longer life expectancy. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 372

Contributors and Acknowledgements At the World Economic Forum Centre for the New Economy and Society Kusum Kali Pal Insight Specialist, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Ricky Li Insight Product Specialist Kim Piaget Insights Lead, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Silja Baller Head of Mission, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Saadia Zahidi Managing Director Acknowledgements We are extremely grateful to our colleagues in the Centre for the New Economy and Society for their support, especially to Aengus Collins, Andrew Silva, Attilio Di Battista, Dorsey Lockhart, Elisabeth Pipic, Elselot Hasselaar, Eoin O Cathasaigh, Fernando Alonso Perez Chao, Gulipairi Maimaiti, Ida Jeng Christensen, Julia Hakspiel, Kimberly Bennett and Mark Rayner. We would also like to thank Gina Potarca for her contributions to the report. We are immensely grateful to Professor Ricardo Hausmann, Director of the Growth Lab at Harvard University’s Center for International Development; Ra昀椀k Hariri, Professor of the Practice of International Political Economy at Harvard Kennedy School; and Professor Laura D’Andrea Tyson, Distinguished Professor of the Graduate School at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley and Chairperson of the Board of Trustees at UC Berkeley’s Blum Center for Developing Economies, for their longstanding guidance and support. A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his excellent copyediting work and to Accurat for their outstanding graphic designing and layout of the report, as well as for its outstanding work to create the report’s Economy Pro昀椀les and online Data Explorer, and SMOG, for their excellent cover design. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Global Gender Gap Report 2023 373

Collaborations The Centre for the New Economy and Society aims to empower decision- making among leaders in business and policy by providing fresh, actionable insight through collaboration with leading experts and data-holding companies. We are pleased to have collaborated with LinkedIn and Coursera this year and thank the following contributors: Coursera Anna Zhao, Data Scientist Eric Karsten, Data Science Manager Maria-Nicole Ikonomou, Director, Global Enterprise Communications LinkedIn Kristin Keveloh, Senior Lead Manager, Public Policy & Economic Graph Programmes Silvia Lara, Data Scientist, Economic Graph Team Matthew Baird, Senior Staff Economist, Economic Graph Research & Insights Séin Ó Muineacháin, Manager, Economic Graph Team Global Gender Gap Report 2023 374

Collaborations The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Business Partners of the Centre for their guidance and support. AARP EY NYSE Group Inc. Accenture Fortescue Metals Group Limited Old Mutual Limited Adecco Group AG Fortinet Inc. Omnicom Group AIG Frontiers Media S.A. OnLoop Al Dabbagh Group Holding Co. Ltd Globalization Partners Open Society Institute Al Futtaim Private Company LLC Google LLC PAG Holdings Limited AlixPartners Grupo Salinas Papaya Global AllHere Guild Education PayPal Amazon HCL Technologies Ltd PepsiCo Inc. AMTD Group Heidrick & Struggles Pladis Foods Limited APCO Worldwide Inc. Henry Schein Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Apna Time Inc. Hewlett Packard Company Procter & Gamble Automatic Data Processing Inc. (ADP) Hitachi Ltd PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Automation Anywhere, Inc. Hologic Inc. Publicis Groupe SA Bahrain Economic Development Board Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Pymetrics Inc. Bain & Company Inc. Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited QI Group (HKEX) Bank of America Randstad N.V. HP Inc. Bank of Montreal RBC Financial Group HSBC Holdings Plc Barclays Bank Plc Recruit Holdings Co. Ltd Hubert Burda Media BC Energy Investments Corp. Reliance Industries Limited IBM Corporation Beamery Inc. RMZ Corp. IDEO Benepass Russell Reynolds Associates Inc. Indiavidual Learning Ltd BetterUp Inc Salesforce, Sàrl Indus Group BHP Group Limited Sano昀椀 Infosys Ltd BigSpring SAP SE Ingka Group (IKEA) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma’aden) Intel Corporation Bloomberg LP Saudi Aramco Intercorp Peru Ltd BNY Mellon Sempra Invesco Ltd BorgWarner Inc. Sequoia Capital Operations LLC JBS S/A BRANDi and Companies Shell Plc Jerónimo Martins SGPS SA Bristol Myers Squibb Company Siemens AG JLL Capgemini SE Skillsoft Johnson & Johnson Carlsberg A/S SkyHive Jopwell Check Point Software Technologies Ltd SONAE SGPS SA Kearney Checkr Staffbase GmbH KIRKBI A/S Chegg, Inc. Standard Chartered Bank LGT Group Foundation Cisco Systems, Inc. State Street Corporation LinkedIn Corporation Civic Ledger Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited Lord, Abbett & Co. LLC Clayton, Dubilier & Rice LLC TechWolf Maharashtra Institution for Transformation Coursera Inc. Teck Resources Limited Manchester United Football Club Limited Crescent Enterprises The Estée Lauder Companies, Inc. ManpowerGroup Inc. Crescent Petroleum The New York Times Marriott International Inc. Culture Amp The Samuel Group Marsh McLennan Dassault Systèmes SE The Standard Bank Group Limited Mayo Clinic Dell Technologies Trip.com Group Ltd McKinsey & Company, Inc. Deloitte Uber Technologies Inc. Medtronic Plc Dentsu Inc. Unilever Merck KGaA Deutsche Bank AG Velocity Global, LLC Microsoft Corp. Deutsche Post AG Verizon Communications Mohammed Bin Salman Foundation (MiSK) DoBrain Visa Inc. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Dogan Şirketler Grubu Holding A.S Volkswagen AG Moringa School DP World Limited Wipro Limited Natixis SA dsm-昀椀rmench Workday Inc. NBCUniversal Media, LLC Egon Zehnder International (Schweiz) AG WorldQuant LLC Nestlé Emirates Telecommunications Group Company Zoom Video Communications, Inc. P.J.S.C (e&) Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship (NFTE) Zurich Insurance Company LTD Eurasian Resources Group Sàrl Nexthink SA European Investment Bank (EIB) Nielsen Evermos PTE. LTD. Novartis AG Global Gender Gap Report 2023 375

June 2023 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Partner Institutes The World Economic Forum’s Centre for the New Economy and Society is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of the Global Gender Gap Report would not have been feasible: Albania Bahrain Institute for Contemporary Studies & Tirana Bahrain Economic Development Board Business University and College Khalid Humaidan, Chief Executive Helton Cevi, Project Coordinator Nada Al-Saeed, Executive Director Artan Hoxha, President of ISB and Administrator of Rima AlKilani, Executive Director TBU Fatema Alatbi, Senior Executive Oltjon Valisi, Assistant Project Coordinator Sara Ishaq, Senior Executive Algeria Bangladesh Centre de Recherche En Economie Appliquée Centre for Policy Dialogue - CPD Pour Le Développement - CREAD Dr Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director Yacine Belarbi, Director Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Director Khaled Menna, Director of Macroeconomics and Ratia Rehnuma, Research Associate Economic Integration Chowdhury Fariha, Research Intern Angola Barbados Jobartis University of West Indies João Freitas, Country Manager Jonathan G. Lashley, Senior Fellow Luis Verdeja, Director Don Marshall, Professor Kenisha Chase, Research Assistant Argentina IAE Business School, Universidad Austral Benin Eduardo Fracchia, Director of Academic Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Department of Economics Politique - IREEP Martin Calveira, Research Economist Leonard Wantchekon, President Stéphania Houngan, Research Associate Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Salvador, Honduras, Panama Associate INCAE Business School Ronald Arce, Researcher Australia, Belgium, Canada, Indonesia, Italy, Enrique Bolaños, President Sweden, United Kingdom, United States Octavio Martínez, Director Dynata Thomas Huff, Senior Project Manager Bosnia and Herzegovina Steffen Bott, Vice President, Sales School of Economics and Business, University Valentyna Chuikina, Associate Account Director of Sarajevo Jasmina Selimovic, Dean Austria Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Austrian Institute of Economic Research - WIFO Amra Kapo, Associate Professor Gabriel Felbermayr, Director Michael Peneder, Project Lead Botswana Alexandros Charos, Survey Expert Botswana National Productivity Centre Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Bahamas Statistician The Government and Public Policy Institute, Zelda Okatch, Information and Research Services University of the Bahamas Manager Zhivargo Laing, Executive Director Christopher Diswai, Executive Director Jeannie D. Gibson, Policy Assistant Global Gender Gap Report 2023 376

Brazil of Studies and Statistics at the Federation of Fundação Dom Cabral Businesses of Congo Carlos Arruda, Professor of Innovation and Competitiveness Côte d’Ivoire Hugo Tadeu, Professor of Innovation Centre de Promotion des Investissements en Miguel Costa, Research Assistant Côte D’ivoire - CEPICI Solange Amichia, CEO Bulgaria Ramatou Fall, Director of Business Climate Center for Economic Development Simon Meledje, Head of Planning and Monitoring Maria Prohaska, Director Bernadine Yeble N’Guessan, Research of昀椀cer Ivalina Simeonova, Project Manager Cyprus Cambodia Cyprus Employers and Industry Confederation Nuppun Research and Consulting Co., Ltd - OEB Pisey Khin, Director Antonis Frangoudis, Director Business Development Chanthan Tha, Researcher and Economic Affairs Department Dalen Vyla, Research Assistant Bank of Cyprus Kyriacos Antoniou, Governance Of昀椀cer Cameroon Andreas Alexandrou, Manager Strategy and Compétitivité Cameroon Customer Insights Hermann Fotie Ii, Permanent Secretary Tanankem Belmondo Voufo, Expert Investment Czech Republic Climate CMC Graduate School of Business Jean Baptiste Nsoe Nkouli, Competitiveness Tomáš Janča, Executive Director Observatory Expert Denmark Cabo Verde Danish Technological Institute INOVE Research Stig Yding Sørensen, Senior Specialist Frantz Tavares, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Andreas Bjerre Lunkeit, Consultant Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager Júlio Delgado, Director Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management - Chad ESPOL Groupe de Recherches Alternatives Et de Sara Wong, Professor Monitoring Du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun Tania Tenesaca, Project Coordinator Simael Mbairassem, Economist in charge of Xavier Ordeñana, Dean Research and Public Policies Maoundonodji Gilbert, Managing Director Egypt Egyptian Center for Economic Studies - ECES Chile Abla Abdel Latif, Executive Director, and Director of School of Government, University Adolfo Ibañez Research Carolina Apablaza, Director Salma Bahaa El Din, Senior Economist Patricio Aroca, Professor Ahmed Maged, Research Assistant Isabella Cuneo, Doctoral Student Hossam Khater, Research Assistant Mohamed Khater, Research Assistant China Dataway Horizon Estonia Lingling Qiao, General Manager Estonian Institute of Economic Research -EKI Yuming Zhi, Research Director Marje Josing, Directorw Zhuyu Yao, Senior Project Manager Finland Colombia ETLA Research Institute of the Finnish National Planning Department of Colombia Economy Consejo Privado de Competitividad Aki Kangasharju, Managing Director Jorge Ivan Gonzalez, General Director, Department Päivi Puonti, Head of Forecasting of National Planning Ville Kaitila, Researcher Camilo Rivera Perez, Technical Director, Innovation and Private Sector Development France Sara Patricia Rivera, Adviser, Innovation and Private Business France Sector Development Cassagnes Louise, Economist Marcias Manuel, Head of Service: Economic studies Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo-Invest Consulting Georgia Teza Bila Minlangu, Administrator TSU Center for Analysis and Forecasting Faila Tabu Ngandi, Managing Director Vakhtang Charaia, Director Bertin Muderhwa, Head of Service in charge Otar Anguridze, Head of the Board Global Gender Gap Report 2023 377

Shota Gulbani, Expert MSBM, The University of the West Indies, Mona Mariam Lashkhi, Project Manager David McBean, Executive Director Mamuka Tsereteli, Expert Franklin Johnston, Director Yvette Cameron-Harris, Project Administrator Germany Jamaica Promotions Corporation - JAMPRO Institute for Innovation and Technology within Shulette Cox, Vice President, Research, Advocacy, the VDI/VDE Innovation + Technik GmbH and Project Implementation Michael Nerger, Project Leader National Competitiveness Council Jamaica Sharifa Powell, Consultant Project Manager Ghana Association of Ghana Industries Japan Yaw Adu-Gyam昀椀, President Waseda University Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Jusuke Ikegami, Professor John Defor, Direcctor, Policy and Research Mitsuyo Tsubayama, Coordinator Shoko Miya, Coordinator Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Jordan Michael Mitsopoulos, Director - Business Ministry of Planning and International Environment and Regulatory Affairs Cooperation of Jordan Athanasios Printsipas, Senior Advisor - SEV Hadram Al Fayes, Director Business Council for Sustainable Development Ghada Issa, Head of Competitiveness Division Thamer Masarweh, Researcher Guatemala FUNDESA Kazakhstan Juan Carlos Paiz, President of the Board of Center for Strategic Initiatives LPP Directors Olzhas Khudaibergenov, Senior Partner Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Yerbol Tulegenov, Associate Partner Fernando Spross, Associate Researcher Symbat Aliaskarova, Consultant Priscilla González, Corporate Affairs Coordinator Kenya Hong Kong SAR, China University of Nairobi Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce Karuti Kanyinga, Research Professor and Director, Simon Ngan, Director, Policy and Research IDS Wilson Chong, Senior Economist Vincent Mugo, Project Assistant IDS Paul Kamau, Associate Research Professor, IDS Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd Korea, Rep. Peter Vakhal, Senior Research Associate Korea Development Institute Éva Palócz, CEO Inho Song, Executive Director, Economic Information and Education Center Iceland Joohee Cho, Head, Public Opinion Analysis Unit The Icelandic Centre for Future Studies Boyoung Han, Senior Reseach Associate, Public Karl Friðriksson, Manager Director Opinion Analysis Unit India Kosovo*, North Macedonia LeadCap Knowledge Solutions Pvt Ltd - Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia LeadCap Ventures Drilon Iseni, Executive Director Sangeeth Varghese, Managing Director and CEO Durim Zekiri, Operations Manager Vidyadhar Prabhudesai, Director and COO Miranda Ajdini, Legal associate Ireland Kuwait Irish Business and Employers Confederation - Kuwait University IBEC Fahad Al-Rashid, Committee Chair Geraldine Anderson, Head of Research Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member Majed Jamal Al-Deen, Committee Member Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel - MAI Kyrgyz Republic Ron Tomer, President Economic Policy Institute Ruby Ginel, CEO Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Dan Catarivas, General Manager, Foreign Trade and International Relations Division Lao PDR Itai Nakash, Deputy General Manager, Foreign Enterprise and Development Consultants Co. Trade and International Relations Division Ltd - EDC Buakhai Phimmavong, Managing Partner Jamaica Thipphasone Inthachack, Of昀椀ce administrator Mona School of Business and Management - Global Gender Gap Report 2023 378

Latvia Mexico Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad - Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable IMCO Development Valeria Moy, General Director Ivania Mazari, Program Manager Lesotho Ministry of the Economy Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho - PSFL Jorge Eduardo Arreola Cavazos, General Director Thabo Qhesi, CEO for Competitiveness and Competition Bokang Tsoanamatsie, Public Relations Of昀椀cer Carlos Rubén Altamirano Márquez, Director Qothoase Khofane, Researcher Fernando Tonatiuh Parra Calvo, Underdirector for Competitiveness Liberia, Sierra Leone GQRDOTCOM Limited - GQR Mongolia Omodele Jones, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Open Society Forum - OSF Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Lithuania Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Program Manager Innovation Agency Lithuania Jone Kalendiene, Head of Research and Analysis Montenegro Division The Institute for Strategic Studies and Irena Karelina, Analyst Prognoses - ISSP Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Coordinator Luxembourg Veselin Vukotic, President Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce Christel Chatelain, Director of the Economic Affairs Morocco Department The Policy Centre for the New South Jean-Baptiste Nivet, Sr Economist Dr Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President Sidonie Paris, Economist Asmaa Tahraoui, Senior Knoweldge Manager Abdelaaziz Ait Ali, Head Economics Research Malawi Department Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Namibia Chancellor Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Institute for Public Policy Research - IPPR Madalitso Kazembe, Director, Business Environment Ndapunikwa Fikameni, Research Associate and Policy Advocacy Salmi Shigwedha, Research Associate Manfred Maguru, Economic Analyst Graham Hopwood, Director Chancy Mkandawire, Economic Analyst Nepal Malaysia Competitiveness and Development Institute - Malaysia Productivity Corporation CODE Dato’ Abdul Latif Abu Seman, Director General Dr Ramesh C. Chitrakar, Project Director/ Country Zahid Ismail, Deputy Director General Coordinator Dr Mazrina Mohamed Ibramsah, Deputy Director Abhinandan Baniya, Associate Team Member General Menaka Shrestha, Team Member Wan Fazlin Nadia Wan Osman, Director Netherlands Mali Amsterdam Centre for Business Innovation, Mali Applied and Theoretical Economics University of Amsterdam Research Group - GREAT Henk Volberda, Director and Professor Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director Kevin Heij, Senior Innovation Researcher Wélé Fatoumata Binta Sow, Researcher Pieter van den Brink, Research Assistant Badiégué Diallo, Administrative and Financial Nina Versluijs, Research Assistant Assistant Jochem Bouman, Research Assistant Malta New Zealand Competitive Malta - Foundation for National BusinessNZ Competitiveness Kirk Hope, CEO Adrian Said, Associate Kathryn Asare, Manager Communications Matthew Castillo, Associate Nigeria Mauritius Nigerian Economic Summit Group - NESG Economic Development Board Laoye Jaiyeola, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Sanroy Seechurn, Head of Department Dr Olusegun Omisakin, Director of Research and Ken Poonoosamy, CEO Development Dooshala Ramjutun-Ramlaul, Manager Sodik Olo昀椀n, Economist Global Gender Gap Report 2023 379

Oman Rwanda National Competitiveness Of昀椀ce - NCO Rwanda Development Board Dr Salim Abdullah Al Shaikh, Acting Chief of NCO Delphine Uwase, Ag. Head of Strategy and Juhaina Saleh Al Balushi, Economic Researcher Competitiveness Department Jawaher Sultan Al Habsi, Business Analyst Kennedy Kalisa, Strategy Analyst Richard Kayibanda, Ag. Chief Strategy and Pakistan Compliance Of昀椀cer Mishal Pakistan Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Saudi Arabia Puruesh Chaudhary, Director Alfaisal University Amna Sabahat Bhutta, Director Mohammed Kafaji, Vice Dean for Quality Assurance and Accreditation Paraguay National Competitiveness Centre Paraguayan Foundation for Cooperation and Eiman Habbas Al-Mutairi, CEO of the National Development Competitiveness Centre Martin Burt, CEO Waleed Al-Rudaian, Deputy CEO of the National Luis Fernando Sanabria, CEO Competitiveness Centre Sol Urbieta, Management Assistant Salman Al-Tukhai昀椀, General manager Abdulrahman M. Al-Ghamdi, Project Manager Peru Industrial Development Center of the National Senegal Society of Industries Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Thierno Thioune, Directeur du Centre de Maria Elena Baraybar, Project Assistant Recherches Economiques Appliquées Benoni Sanchez, Head of Systems Serbia Philippines Foundation for the Advancement of Economics Makati Business Club - MBC - FREN Roxanne Lu, Programs Director Aleksandar Radivojević, Coordinator Trisha Teope, Foreign Programs Of昀椀cer Dejan Molnar, Director Poland Singapore National Bank of Poland Singapore Economic Development Board Piotr Boguszewski, Economic Advisor Cheng Wai San, Director and Head Piotr Szpunar, Director Teo Xinyu, Executive Of昀椀cer, Senior Portugal Slovakia Business Administrators Forum - FAE Business Alliance of Slovakia - PAS Paulo Carmona, President Peter Serina, Executive Director Mariana Marques dos Santos, Member of the Robert Kičina, Member of the Board Board PROFORUM Association for the Development Slovenia of Engineering Institute for Economic Research Ilidio De Ayala Serôdio, Vice-President Peter Stanovnik, Professor Helena Roquette, Secretary Sonja Uršič, Senior Research Assistant University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Qatar Mateja Drnovšek, Full Professor Qatari Businessmen Association - QBA Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, South Africa Qatar University Business Unity South Africa Issa Abdull Salam Abu Issa, Secretary General Tyson Thamsanqa Sibanda, Economic Policy Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager Manager Maria Jusay, Executive Secretary Olivier Serrao, Economic Policy Executive Director Prof. Kaltham Al Ghanim, Director, Social and Cas Coovadia, Chief Executive Of昀椀cer Economic Survey Research Institute Raymond Carasig, Senior Survey Support Specialist Spain IESE Business School Romania Pascual Berrone, Professor, Director of the Association for Women Entrepreneurship International Center for Competitiveness Development - ADAF María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania Sri Lanka Rotaru Cornelia, President Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka - IPS Rotaru Gela, Business Analyst Kithmina Hewage, Research Economist Savu Cristina, Communication Expert Tharindu Udayanga, Research Assistant Global Gender Gap Report 2023 380

Switzerland United Arab Emirates University of St.Gallen, Center for Financial Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre Services Innovation Hanan Ahli, Director General of Federal Tobias Trütsch, Managing Director Competitiveness and Statistics Centre Rashed Abdulkarim Al Blooshi, Undersecretary of Taiwan, China Department of Economic Development, Abu Dhabi Taiwan Institute of Economic Research Hend Abdulla, Analyst Chen, Yi-Man, Research Fellow Tsuo, I-Chun, Assistant Research Fellow Uruguay Universidad ORT Uruguay Tanzania Isidoro Hodara, Professor REPOA Ltd Bruno Gili, Professor Donald Mmari, Executive Director Federico Monetti, Professor Lucas Katera, Director of Collaborations and Capacity Building Venezuela Cornel Jahari, Researcher and Field Manager Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion Jennyn Osorio, Economics Affairs Manager Thailand Jorge García, Business Intelligence Manager Chulalongkorn Business School Kanyarat (Lek) Sanoran, Assistant Professor and Viet Nam Assistant Dean at Dean’s Of昀椀ce Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Wilert Puriwat, Professor and Dean Studies - HIDS Nat Kulvanich, Assistant Professor Tran Hoang Ngan, Director Trieu Thanh Son, Head of Rereach Management Trinidad and Tobago Nguyen Manh Quan, Researcher Arthur Lok Jack Global School of Business Raynardo Hassanally, Alumni Relations Coordinator Yemen Balraj Kistow, Programme Director Yemeni Business Club - YBC Ron Sookram, Academic Coordinator Fathi Abdulwase Hayel Saeed, Chairman Ghadeer Ahmed Almaqha昀椀, Executive Director Tunisia Safa Abdullah Alsayaghi, Projects Manager Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Majdi Hassen, Executive Director Zambia Hager KARAA, Head of Studies Department University of Zambia Joseph Simbaya, Director Türkiye Chitalu Chama Chiliba, Assistant Director and TÜSIAD, Sabanci University Competitivness Senior Research Fellow Forum - REF Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow Esra Durceylan Kaygusuz, Director Sezen Uğurlu Sum, Project Specialist Zimbabwe National Competitiveness Commission Ukraine Phillip Phiri, Executive Director CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Brighton Shayanewako, Director, Competitiveness Research Douglas Muzimba, Chief Economist, International Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Competitiveness Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist Elizabeth Magwaza, Economist Oksana Kuziakiv, Senior Adviser Global Gender Gap Report 2023 381

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