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Endnotes 105. Silic, Anamaria, “Pegasus Spyware Used against Dozens of Activist Women in the Middle East”, The Intercept, January 18, 2022. https://theintercept.com/2022/01/18/pegasus-spyware-nso-group-women- activists-journalists/. 106. CIPESA, State of Internet Freedom in Africa 2022: The Rise of Biometric Surveillance, September 2022, http://104.152.168.205/~cipesa/old/?wpfb_dl=505. 107. Hoster, Ben, Swati Khurana and Rachel Juay, “Still Buffering: Time for a Smart City Reboot”, Marsh McLennan, October 2022, https://www.marshmclennan.com/insights/publications/2022/october/still- buffering-time-for-a-smart-city-reboot.html. 108. Das, Shanti and Vincent Ni, “Fears over China’s access to genetic data of UK citizens”, The Guardian, 20 August 2022; Needham, Kirsty and Clare Baldwin, “China’s gene giant harvests data from millions of women”, Reuters, 7 July 2021; Mallapaty, Smriti, “China expands control over genetic data used in scienti昀椀c research”, Nature, 6 May 2022. 109. Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth, Testimony of Samm Sacks: Hearing on Promoting Competition, Growth and Privacy Protection in the Technology Sector, 7 December 2021; Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth, Written Testimony of Stacey Gray, Senior Counsel, Future of Privacy Forum, 7 December 2021. 110. Robbins, Sam and Chia-Shuo Tang, “How Asia’s Digital Governance Beacon Balances Data Privacy and the ‘Public Good’”, The Diplomat, 20 October 2022. 111. European Parliament, Data governance: why is the EU data sharing law important?, 6 April 2022, https:// www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20220331STO26411/data-governance-why-is-the-eu- data-sharing-law-important. 112. US White House, Executive Order on Enhancing Safeguards for United States Signals Intelligence Activities, 7 October 2022. 113. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Enhancing access to and sharing of data: reconciling risks and bene昀椀ts for data re-use across societies, 2019, https://www.oecd-ilibrary. org/sites/15c62f9c-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/15c62f9c-en; Of昀椀ce of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, Privacy Tech-Know blog: Privacy Enhancing Technologies for Businesses, 12 April 2021, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/blog/20210412/; Stadler, Theresa, Bristea Oprisanu and Carmela Troncoso, Synthetic Data – Anonymisation Groundhog Day, Cornell University, 24 January 2022, https:// arxiv.org/abs/2011.07018; Sei, Yuichi, Hiroshi Okumura and Akihiko Ohsuga, “Re-identi昀椀cation in differentially private incomplete datasets”, IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, vol. 3, 20 May 2022, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9779455. 114. Fayans, Iliya, et al., “Cyber security threats in the microbial genomics era: implications for public health”, Eurosurvellance, vol. 25, no. 6, 2020; Vinatzer, Boris A., et al., “Cyberbiosecurity Challenges of Pathogen Genome Databases”, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 7, 15 May 2019; Arshad, S., et al., “Analysis of security and privacy challenges for DNA-genomics applications and databases”, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, July 2021. 115. Saglam, Rahime Belene, Jason R.C. Nurse and Duncan Hodges, “Personal information: Perceptions, types and evolution”, Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 66, May 2022. 116. Information Commissioner’s Of昀椀ce, Catalogue retailer Easylife 昀椀nes £1.48 million for breaking data protection and electronic marketing laws, 6 October 2022, https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/media-centre/ news-and-blogs/2022/10/catalogue-retailer-easylife-昀椀ned-148-million/. 117. Marsh and Microsoft, “The State of Cyber Resilience 2022”, 2022, https://www.marsh.com/us/services/ cyber-risk/insights/the-state-of-cyber-resilience.html. 118. Roubini, Nouriel, “We’re Heading for a Stag昀氀ationary Crisis Unlike Anything We’ve Ever Seen”, TIME, 13 October 2022, https://time.com/6221771/stag昀氀ation-crisis-debt-nouriel-roubini/. 119. International Monetary Fund, General government gross debt: percent of GDP, https://www.imf.org/ external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD, accessed 11 December 2022. 120. The World Bank. 2022. Risk of Global Recession in 2023 Rises Amid Simultaneous Rate Hikes. 15 September 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/15/risk-of-global-recession- in-2023-rises-amid-simultaneous-rate-hikes 121. Ibid. 122. Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla and Carmen Reinhart, “Shining a light on debt”, International Monetary Fund (IMF). March 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/03/Shining-a-light-on-debt- Pazarbasioglu-Reinhart. 123. Subran, Ludovic, “Reverse Currency War Is Hitting Emerging Markets Hard”, South China Morning Post, October 20, 2022, https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3196468/federal-reserves-in昀氀ation- 昀椀ght-leaves-emerging-markets-scrambling-answers. 124. Allianz, “Reverse currency war puts emerging markets at risk”, 29 September 2022, https://www. allianz-trade.com/en_global/news-insights/economic-insights/emerging-markets-debt-sustainability-risks. html. Global Risks Report 2023 55

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