TABLE B.2 Top five risks identified by the Executive Opinion Survey (EOS) Israel Jordan Kuwait 1 Cost-of-living crisis 1 Debt crises 1 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Terrorist attacks 2 Severe commodity supply crises 1 Cost-of-living crisis 3 Interstate conflict 2 Cost-of-living crisis 3 Severe commodity price shocks 4 Geoeconomic confrontation 4 Severe commodity price shocks 4 Human-made environmental damage 5 Asset bubble burst 5 Employment and livelihood crises 4 Interstate conflict Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 1 Debt crises 1 Geoeconomic confrontation 1 Interstate conflict 2 Interstate conflict 2 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Debt crises 2 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 3 Geopolitical contestation of resources 3 State collapse 4 Failure of climate-change adaptation 4 Interstate conflict 4 Severe commodity supply crises 5 Asset bubble burst 5 Severe commodity price shocks 5 Infectious diseases Jamaica Kenya Lao PDR 1 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 1 Debt crises 1 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Cost-of-living crisis 2 Cost-of-living crisis 2 Severe commodity price shocks 3 Natural disasters and extreme weather 3 Employment and livelihood crises 3 Infectious diseases events 4 Proliferation of illicit economic activity 4 Geopolitical contestation of resources 4 Cost-of-living crisis 5 Severe commodity price shocks 5 Failure of climate-change adaptation 5 Employment and livelihood crises Japan Kosovo Latvia 1 Geoeconomic confrontation 1 Human-made environmental damage 1 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Natural disasters and extreme weather 1 Rapid and/or sustained inflation 2 Interstate conflict events 3 Prolonged economic stagnation 1 Cost-of-living crisis 3 Cost-of-living crisis 4 Severe commodity price shocks 4 Geoeconomic confrontation 4 Employment and livelihood crises 5 Geopolitical contestation of resources 5 Failure of cybersecurity measures 5 Debt crises 5 Digital inequality Risk categories Economic Environmental Geopolitical Societal Technological Global Risks Report 2023 84