Education their other assets and resources, to get great instruction into the hands of teachers—and through them, to students. The question, then, is whether LLMs differ from previous tech- nologies in that they can unlock new leverage for teachers and schools to deliver materially better results for tens of millions of public school students. Professor Mintz and Ms. Shields think the answer is yes—and I would not bet against their enthusiastic example. They know they don’t currently represent the majority of their profession; they hear their colleagues’ fears. Nonetheless, they are aiming to prove that LLMs will transformatively improve the work experience of being a teacher. Ms. Shields, for instance, told the Times that ChatGPT could address the bane of English teachers everywhere: grading papers. Ms. Shields: “I don’t know if you are aware of this, but . . . it [ChatGPT] can evaluate writing. So one of the things I asked it to do last night was I had a student essay. Just for grins I said, ‘Evaluate this essay for grammatical and sentence structure.’ And it did really well.” NYT interviewer: “Wow.” Ms. Shields: “And it said here’s—and it gave him [the student] the strengths. It said, ‘Here’s what you’re doing well.’ And then it said, ‘Here are some places to work on.’ And it even said stuff like, ‘Your transitions aren’t very smooth, and your introduction is lacking, 37