— £osses from extreme weather eents in 201¡ were estimated t c a at usd0 billion althouh of course these are not all p m directl­ attributable to climate chane‚ ‹nsurance coered t i u o less than half of those costs “leain a lobal protection b s a ap of usd1ž2 billion”‚!* n o i t s — e u “ear„term risƒs for business include polic­ chanes q intended to reduce future impacts of climate chane‚ — “‡odels of economic damae are hopelessly uncertain and don’t tell us anythin” Economic models of climate chane referred to as ‹nte„ rated ssessment Models ›iamsœ are widel­ considered to be weaƒ‚!( Such models attempt to combine climate science climate impacts and economic models to prošect the costs and benefits of different temperature chanes‚ • …hese models tend to calculate first„order or “direct” impacts of climate chane ›such as damaes due to extreme weather eents or heat stroƒeœ and nelect effects due to miration conflict @) and lon„ lastin catastrophes‚ • iam s tend to assume that climate chane will not affect oerall economic rowth rates‚ …his is contrar­ to the iew that lare temperature chanes would nea„ tiel­ affect economic rowth which a rowin literature suests‚@! 1— Swiss ’e 201— 1ž Žarmer et al‚ 201” 20 Hsian et al‚ 201 21 ˆind­cƒ 201ª ¢urƒe et al‚ 201”ª ˆretis et al‚ 201— Ÿ

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