FIGURE 1.2 Most common labour shortages by occupations in 2022 in Europe Number of economies in Europe reporting labour shortages for top occupations, grouped by job families Bricklayers and Carpenters Plumbers and Concrete Placers, Concrete Finishers Related Workers and Joiners Pipe Fitters and Related Workers Building and Related Trades Workers (excluding Electricians) Metal Working Machine Sheet Metal Motor Vehicle Tool Setters and Operators Workers Mechanics and Repairers Metal, Machinery and Related Trades Workers Nursing Specialist Professionals Medical Practitioners Physiotherapists Health Professionals Software Applications Systems Developers Programmers Analysts Information and Communications Technology Professionals Heavy Truck and Earthmoving and Lorry Drivers Related Plant Operators Drivers and Mobile Plant Operators Butchers, Fishmongers and Food Processing, Woodworking, Related Food Preparers Garment and Other Craft and Related Trades Workers Early Childhood Primary School Educators Teachers Teaching Professionals Building and Related Electricians Electrical and Electronics Trades Workers Electrical Engineering Technicians Science and Engineering Associate Professionals Cooks Waiters Personal Services Workers Building Construction Labourers Labourers in Mining, Construction, Manufacturing and Transport Civil Mechanical Engineers Engineers Science and Engineering Professionals Health Care Assistants Personal Care Workers Cleaners and Helpers in Offices, Hotels and Other Establishments Cleaners and Helpers Psychologists Legal, Social and Cultural Professionals Food and Related Products Machine Operators Stationary Plant and Machine Operators Contact Centre Salespersons Sales Workers Chefs Legal, Social, Cultural and Related Associate Professionals Kitchen Helpers Food Preparation Assistants 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Number of economies Source Note Labour shortages report 2022, European Labour Authority. Job grouping is based on the Level-2, Sub-Major job category in the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) Taxonomy. Future of Jobs Report 2023 11