Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), esp. 20–83. See also B. N. Mironov, Sotsial’naia istoriia Rossii perioda imperii , vol. 2 (St. Petersburg: DB, 1999), 42–43. 74. Leonard Schapiro, “The Role of the Jews in the Russian Revolutionary Movement,” Slavonic and East European Review 40 (December 1961): 153. See also Haberer, Jews and Revolution , 270–71 and passim. 75. Iokhel’son, “Dalekoe proshloe,” 55. 76. I. O. Levin, “Evrei v revoliutsii,” in Rossiia i evrei , 132–33. 77. F. M. Dostoevsky, “Dnevnik pisatelia za 1877 g.,” in Taina Izrailia , 19–20. The Pobedonostsev quotation is from Rogger, Jewish Policies , 67. 78. Zhabotinskii, Izbrannoe , 52–54. See also Vl. Zhabotinskii, Chuzhbina (Moscow: Mosty kul’tury; Jerusalem: Gesharim, 2000), 222–23. 79. Nathans, Beyond the Pale , 260, 264, 348, 351. 80. See, esp., Rogger, Jewish Policies , 56–112. 81. On the pogroms, see, in particular, Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms . 82. Maksim Gor’kii, Iz literaturnogo naslediia: Gor’kii i evreiskii vopros , ed. Mikhail Agurskii and Margarita Shklovskaia (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1986), 190–202. 83. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:142, 148, 154–56. 84. Ibid., 143–44. 85. Gor’kii, Iz literaturnogo naslediia , 199. 86. A. Lunacharskii, Ob antisemitizme (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1929), 17. 87. V. I. Lenin, “Kriticheskie zametki po natsional’nomu voprosu,” in V. I. Lenin, Voprosy natsional’noi politiki i proletarskogo internatsionalizma (Moscow: Politizdat, 1965), 10, 13, 15; E. E. Kirillova and V. N. Shepeleva, eds., “Vy . . . rasporiadilis’ molchat’ . . . absoliutno,” Otechestvennye arkhivy , no. 3 (1992): 78– 79; Gor’kii, Iz literaturnogo naslediia , 351. For Lenin’s genealogy, see O. Abramova, G. Borodulina, and T. Koloskova, Mezhdu pravdoi i istinoi (ob istorii spekuliatsii vokrug rodosloviia V. I. Lenina (Moscow: Gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii muzei, 1998); and M. G. Shtein, Ul’ianovy i Leniny: Tainy rodoslovnoi i psevdonima (St. Petersburg: VIRD, 1997). 88. Lenin, “O prave natsii na samoopredelenie,” in Lenin, Voprosy natsional’noi politiki , 81n. 89. Gor’kii, Iz literaturnogo naslediia , 170–71, 113, 115, 204, 269. 90. Eric Lohr, “Enemy Alien Politics within the Russian Empire during World War I” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1999). See also Peter Gattrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999); Peter Holquist, “To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate: Population Statistics and Population Politics in Late Imperial and Soviet Russia,” in A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin , ed. Ronald Grigor Suny and Terry Martin (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 111–44; Mark von Hagen, “The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire,” in Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building , ed. Barnett R. Rubin and Jack Snyder (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 34–57, esp. 43; and V. V. Kanishchev, Russkii bunt—bessmyslennyi i besposhchadnyi: Pogromnoe dvizhenie v gorodakh Rossii v 1917–1918 gg . (Tambov: TGU, 1995). 91. On Russia’s “Time of Troubles,” see Peter Holquist, Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002). 92. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:43, 101, 70, 36. 93. Ibid., 246. 94. E. G. Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia (Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1956), 174–76. 95. On Trotsky’s first school, see Trotskii, Moia zhizn ’, 54–58. 96. Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia , 202. 97. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:129.