98. Al’tman, “Avtobiograficheskaia proza,” 210, 214, 219. 99. Nadezhda and Maia Ulanovskie, Istoriia odnoi sem’i (New York: Chalidze Publications, 1982), 30. 100. Ibid., 34, 41, 36. 101. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:206. For Babel’s interrogation, see Vitalii Shentalinskii, Raby svobody: V literaturnykh arkhivakh KGB (Moscow: Parus, 1995), 26–81. 102. Iosif Utkin, Stikhi (Moscow: Pravda, 1939), 21–22; Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia , 250–51, 259–61, 262–63. 103. See, esp., Budnitskii, “V chuzhom piru pokhmel’e”; Henry Abramson, A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917–1920 (Cambridge: Ukrainian Research Institute and Center for Jewish Studies, Harvard University, 1999); Peter Kenez, “Pogroms and White Ideology in the Russian Civil War,” in Klier and Lambroza, Pogroms , 293–313; Holquist, “To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate.” 104. Babel’, Sochineniia , 1:127. 105. V. Shklovskii, Sentimental’noe puteshestvie (Moscow: Novosti, 1990), 38–39, 43, 81. 106. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 30–32, 49–51; M. Frenkin, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, 1917–1918 (Munich: Logos, 1978), 244; Menaker, Zagovorshchiki , 427. The leadership of the Mensheviks (the Bolsheviks’ orthodox Marxist opponents) was even more heavily Jewish, but after the formation of the Red Army and the new Soviet state, most Jewish revolutionaries identified the revolution with Bolshevism. 107. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 70. 108. Ibid., 78–79; Gabriele Freitag, “Nächstes Jahr in Moskau! Die Zuwanderung von Juden in die sowjetische Metropole 1917 bis 1932” (Ph.D. diss., Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 2000), 131–36, 143; Benjamin Pinkus, The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 77–81. The figures for the female Bolsheviks are from Vserossiisskaia perepis’ chlenov RKP. Vypusk 5. Natsional’nyi sostav chlenov partii (Moscow, 1924), 62. I am grateful to Gabriele Freitag for drawing my attention to these data. 109. L. Krichevskii, “Evrei v apparate VChK-OGPU v 20-e gody,” in Budnitskii, Evrei i russkaia revoliutsiia , 320–50; Schapiro, “The Role of the Jews,” 165. On the Latvians, see Andrew Ezergailis, The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1983). 110. A. L. Litvin, Krasnyi i belyi terror v Rossii, 1918–1922 (Kazan: Tatarskoe gazetno-zhurnal’noe izdatel’stvo, 1995), 168–71, 79–82; N. A. Sokolov, Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem’i (Moscow: Soverskii pisatel’, 1991, originally published in Berlin in 1925); Edvard Radzinskii, Gospodi . . . spasi i usmiri Rossiiu (Moscow: Vagrius, 1996); S. P. Mel’gunov, Krasnyi terror v Rossii (New York: Brandy, 1979), 66–71. 111. The numbers are from Golomstock, “Jews in Soviet Art,” 38. 112. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 70; Gorodskie imena vchera i segodnia; Peterburgskaia toponimika (St. Petersburg: LIK, 1997), 216. 113. Lunacharskii, Ob antisemitizme , 46–47. For intermarriage statistics, see Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 74. 114. Sokolov, Ubiistvo , 134–41, 153–61, 170. 115. V. V. Shul’gin, “Chto nam v nikh ne nravitsia . . . ” Ob Antisemitizme v Rossii (Moscow: Khors, 1992), 34–35 (italics in the original). 116. Ibid., 143. Cf. Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 132–37. 117. Shul’gin, “Chto nam v nikh ne nravitsia” , 71–82, 257–58. 118. Ibid., 141–42. 119. Rossiia i evrei , 5–8, 22, 26, 59, 117. 120. Ia. A. Bromberg, Zapad, Rossiia i Evreistvo: Opyt peresmotra evreiskogo voprosa (Prague: Izd. Evraziitsev, 1931), 54–55.