121. Rossiia i evrei , 104, 212–13; Bromberg, Zapad, Rossiia i Evreistvo , 188. 122. For the “historical guilt,” if not of “commissars” and “Chekists” themselves, then of their children and grandchildren, see David Samoilov, Perebiraia nashi daty (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000) (the quotation is on 55); Vas. Grossman, Vse techet (Frankfurt: Posev, 1970), 153–57 (on Leva Mekler); and Margolina, Das Ende . 123. For the argument that national canons are “assembled from deeds that are somehow special,” see Gross, Neighbors , 136. For a survey of post–World War II restitution claims, see Elazar Barkan, The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000). 124. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 46. 125. Lenin, “Kriticheskie zametki,” 8–9; Levin, “Evrei v revoliutsii,” 131; Lev Kopelev, I sotvoril sebe kumira (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1978), 67. 126. Gor’kii, Iz literaturnogo naslediia , 304. 127. Ibid., 307 (including the Frumkina and Trainin quotations); Trotskii, Moia zhizn ’, 2:61–63; Nedava, Trotsky and the Jews , 122. 128. A. Lunacharskii, Ob antisemitizme , 5–6. 129. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:32. 130. Ibid. 131. Ibid., 124, 252. 132. Ibid., 69. 133. Ibid., 34. 134. In Mandelstam’s original (“Miauknul kon’, i kot zarzhal—kazak evreiu podrazhal”), the Cossack was acting like a Jew. 135. Babel’, Sochineniia , 1:65, 127, 128, 132, 144; 2:43, 264. 136. Ibid., 2:163. 137. Perets Markish, Izbrannoe (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1957), 272; Ulanovskie, Istoriia , 9–22 and passim; Babel’, Sochineniia , 1:127; Anatolii Rybakov, Roman-vospominanie (Moscow: Vagrius, 1997), 14. 138. Based on Katerina Clark’s pioneering The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). 139. A. Fadeev, Razgrom (Moscow: Ogiz, 1947), 49, 89, 169. Cf. A. Fadeev, The Rout (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.), 162. 140. Fadeev, Razgrom , 153, 42, 28, 6, 50. 141. Ibid., 152–54. 142. Ibid., 116, 128. 143. Iurii Libedinskii, Izbrannye proizvedeniia , vol. 1 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1980), 90–94, 103, 128, 145. 144. A. Tarasov-Rodionov, Shokolad , in Sobachii pereulok: Detektivnye romany i povest ’ (Moscow: Sovremennyi pisatel’, 1993), 298–99; Vasilii Grossman, “Chetyre dnia,’ in Na evreiskie temy , vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Biblioteka Aliia, 1985), 45, 47. 145. Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia , 91–108. 146. Fadeev, Razgrom , 154; Libedinskii, Izbrannye proizvedeniia , 1:95; M. D. Baital’skii, Tetradi dlia vnukov , Memorial Archive, f. 2, op. 1, d. 8, 24; for the English translation, see Mikhail Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror , trans. Marilyn Vogt-Downey (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995), 67; Grossman, “Chetyre dnia,” 54; Vas. Grossman, Vse techet (Frankfurt: Posev, 1970), 154–55. 147. A. Arosev, Zapiski Terentiia Zabytogo (Berlin: Russkoe tvorchestvo, 1922), 101–2. 148. Ibid., 105. 149. Ibid., 103.