150. Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia , 167–71. 151. M. Gor’kii, L. Averbakh, S. Firin, eds., Belomorsko-baltiiskii kanal imeni Stalina: Istoriia stroitel’stva 1931–1934 (Moscow: OGIZ, 1934). 152. This is based on Vladimir Papernyi’s Kul’tura Dva (Moscow; NLO, 1996). 153. Ibid., 260; Arosev, Zapiski , 40; Il’ia Errenburg, Zhizn’ i gibel’ Nikolaia Kurbova (Moscow: Novaia Moskva, 1923), 173. For an analysis of both Arosev’s Zapiski and Ehrenburg’s Zhizn’ i gibel ’, see Mikhail Geller, Kontsentratsionnyi mir i sovetskaia literatura (London: Overseas Publications, 1974), 101. 154. Eduard Bagritskii, Stikhotvoreniia i poemy (Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika, 1983), 147–64. 155. St. Kuniaev, “Legenda i vremia,” Dvadtsat’ dva , no. 14 (September 1980): 149; Maxim D. Shrayer, Russian Poet/Soviet Jew: The Legacy of Eduard Bagritskii (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 74, 88– 90. C HAPTER 4 H ODL’S C HOICE : T HE J EWS AND T HREE P ROMISED L ANDS 1. Sholem Aleichem, Tevye the Dairyman and the Railroad Stories , trans. Hillel Halkin (New York: Schocken Books, 1987), 57, 69. 2. See Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution , 8–11. 3. Quoted in Sanders, The Downtown Jews , 415. See also Eli Lederhendler, Jewish Responses to Modernity: New Voices in America and Eastern Europe (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 121–27. 4. Bromberg, Zapad, Rossiia i evreistvo , 186, 190. 5. The Brenner quotation is from Ariel Hirschfeld, “Locus and Language: Hebrew Culture in Israel, 1890–1990,” in Cultures of the Jews: A New History , ed. David Biale (New York: Schocken Books, 2002), 1019. 6. Rybakov, Roman-vospominanie , 13–14; Ester Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie (Tel Aviv: n.p., 1989), 25; Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia? Net! (Tel Aviv: Lim, 1988), 19–20; Roziner, Serebrianaia tsepochka , passim. I am grateful to Noemi Kitron for information about her father. The term “Stalin’s Zion” is from Robert Weinberg, Stalin’s Forgotten Zion. Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland: An Illustrated History, 1928–1996 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998). 7. Bromberg, Zapad, Rossiia i evreistvo , 181. 8. Author’s italics. Quoted in Amos Elon, The Israelis: Founders and Sons (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 134–35. 9. The Ben-Gurion quotation is from Zeev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 21. 10. See Elon, The Israelis , 116, and Oz Almog, The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), 213, 238, and passim. 11. Abraham Cahan, The Rise of David Levinsky (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 459. 12. Bromberg, Zapad, Rossiia i evreistvo , 184. See also Cassedy, To the Other Shore , 63–76, 109–27. 13. Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1951), 61–62. See also Steven J. Zipperstein, Imagining Russian Jewry: Memory, History, Identity (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 24–25. 14. Vladimir (Zeev) Zhabotinskii, Piatero (Odessa: Optimum, 2000); Walter Benjamin, Selected Writings , vol. 1 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1996), 252. 15. Roziner, Serebrianaia tsepochka , 189; Mikhail Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa. Razryv (Jerusalem: URA, 1996), 27.