16. Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 44, 69–70, 83; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 81, 116, 360; Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 225, 15 (the quotation is on 15). 17. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 34–35, 220, 225, 253. 18. Izi Kharik, Mit layb un lebn (Minsk, 1928), 19–20; see the German translation in Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 6, and the Russian translation in Izi Kharik, Stikhi i poemy (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1958), 110. 19. Iu. Larin, Evrei i anti-semitizm v SSSR (Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1929), 97–99; 121–22; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 95–99. See also Matthias Vetter, Antisemiten und Bolschewiki. Zum Verhältnis von Sowjetsystem und Judenfeindschaft 1917–1939 (Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 1995), 98–100. 20. V. Kirshon and A. Uspenskii, “Koren’kovshchina (epizody iz p’esy),” Molodaia gvardiia , no. 10 (October 1926): 43. Cf. V. Kirshon and A. Uspenskii, Konstantin Terekhin (Rzhavchina ) (Moscow: Gosizdat, 1927). Sergei Malashkin, Luna s pravoi storony (Riga: Literatura, 1928), 71; Boris Levin, Iunosha (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1987 [originally published in 1933]), 124–25, 131–32; Matvei Roizman, Minus shest ’ (Berlin: Kniga i stsena, 1931 [written in 1925–26]). For Soviet demonology in the 1920s, see Victoria E. Bonnell, Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters under Lenin and Stalin (Berkeley and Los Angeles; University of California Press, 1997), 207–11. 21. Feliks Chuev, Molotov: Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin (Moscow: Olma Press, 2000), 637; G. V. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika Stalina: Vlast’ i antisemitizm (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 2001), 109–10; Mikhail Shreider, Vospominaniia chekista-operativnika , Memorial Archive, f. 2, op. 2, d. 100, 11. 330–77. For statistical data, see A. I. Kokurin and N. V. Petrov, eds., Lubianka: VChKOGPU- NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB, 1917–1960, Spravochnik (Moscow: Demokratiia, 1997), 12, 104; and N. V. Petrov, K. V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD 1934–1941: Spravochnik (Moscow; Zven’ia, 1999), 139–40, 459–60, 495. 22. V. G. Tan-Bogoraz, ed., Evreiskoe mestechko v revoliutsii (Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1926), 25; E. Markish, Stol’ dolgoe vozvrashchenie , 76–80; Baital’skii, Tetradi dlia vnukov , Memorial Archive, f. 2, op. 1, d. 8, 1. 24, for the English translation, see Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren , 67; Rybakov, Roman-vospominanie , 10; Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 24; Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia , 45. 23. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 104. 24. Ibid., 106–9; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 118. 25. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 118–27, 308. 26. Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 114; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 88, 120. 27. Quoted in Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 58. 28. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 121, 125; Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 124. 29. Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 129; Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 308, 129, 313–14; Larin, Evrei i anti-semitizm , 109. 30. Yehoshua Yakhot, “Jews in Soviet Philosophy,” in Miller, Jews in Soviet Culture , 216–17; Pervyi vsesoiuznyi s”ezd sovetskikh pisatelei, 1934. Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1934), 700–702; Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury: Dokumenty i kommentarii (Moscow: Rosspen, 1997), 102; Joachim Braun, “Jews in Soviet Music,’ in Miller, Jews in Soviet Culture , 75–86; Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin against the Jews (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 69; Vadim Tepliskii, Evrei v istorii shakhmat (Tel Aviv: Interpresscenter, 1997), 81–85. 31. Stroka, oborvannaia pulei: Moskovskie pisateli, pavshie na frontakh Otechestvennoi voiny (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1976), 138–46; and the Slezkine family archive. See also Golosa iz mira, kotorogo uzhe net: Vypuskniki istoricheskogo fakul’teta MGU 1941. V pis’makh i vospominaniiakh (Moscow: MGU, 1995), 7. At least one-third of the MGU History Department’s 1941 graduates killed in the war were Jewish. 32. Mikhail Svetlov, Izbrannoe (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1988), 23–25, 115, 150; Aleksandr Bezymenskii, Izbrannye proizvedeniia v dvukh tomakh , vol. 1 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1989), 35, 53. 33. Lev Kopelev, I sotvoril sebe kumira (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1978), 191–92. For the English translation