(on which mine is based), see Lev Kopelev, The Education of a True Believer , trans. Gary Kern (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 166. 34. Baital’skii, Tetradi dlia vnukov , Memorial Archive, f. 2, op. 1, d. 8, 1. 49. 35. Ibid., l. 129; Svetlov, Izbrannoe , 72, 102. 36. Kopelev, I sotvoril , 257–58; Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), esp. Fitzpatrick’s “Cultural Revolution as Class War.” 37. Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia , 47. 38. Orlova, Vospominaniia , 52–53; Inna Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika vremen kul’ta lichnosti, 1925–1953 (Moscow: Nn’iudiamed, 1998), 5–6. The “House of Government” was a residential building created especially for members of the Soviet political elite. 39. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 123; Baital’skii, Tetradi dlia vnukov , Memorial Archive, f. 2, op. 1, d. 8, ll. 19, 50. 40. Pravda , June 3, 1935; Orlova, Vospominaniia , 75. 41. Orlova, Vospominaniia , 70. On the history of IFLI, see Iu. P. Sharapov, Litsei v Sokol’nikakh (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1995). 42. David Samoilov, Perebiraia nashi daty (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), 120, 141. The Kopelev quotation is from Sharapov, Litsei , 42. 43. Pavel Kogan, Groza (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1989), 98, 51, 120, 70, 74, 138. 44. Boris Slutskii, Izbrannaia lirika (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1965), 28. 45. Kopelev, I sotvoril , 81. 46. Samoilov, Perebiraia , 57–58. 47. Ibid., 55; Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia , 32–33. For the Germans and Jews as “mobilized diasporas” in Russia and the USSR, see Armstrong, “Mobilized and Prolarian Diasporas,” 403–5; for pioneering work on the Jewish-Soviet elite, see Victor Zaslavsky and Robert J. Brym, Soviet Jewish Emigration and Soviet Nationality Policy (London: Macmillan, 1983), 82–85. 48. Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia , 50. 49. Ibid., 205; Orlova, Vospominaniia , 40. 50. Agurskii, Pepel Klaasa , 28–29. 51. Eugenia Semyonovna Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind , trans. Paul Stevenson and Max Hayward (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1967), 295. Cf. Evgeniia Ginzburg, Krutoi marshrut , vol. 1 (New York: Possev-USA, 1985), 300. 52. Vasily Grossman, Life and Fate (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 83; Cf. Vasilii Grossman, Zhizn’ i sud’ba (Moscow: Vagrius-Agraf, 1998), 53, 54–55, 62. 53. Gnedin, Vykhod iz labirinta , 84, 26. 54. Kopelev, I sotvoril , 129–30, 133, 150. Cf. Kopelev, The Education , 102–3, 106, 124. 55. V. Izmozik, “’Evreiskii vopros’ v chastnoi perepiske sovetskikh grazhdan serediny 1920-kh gg.,” Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve , no. 3 (7) (1994): 172, 177, 180. 56. Ibid., 167, 169, 173, 180; the Anisimov quotation is in I. L. Kyzlasova, Istoriia otechestvennoi nauki ob iskusstve Vizantii i Drevnei Rusi, 1920–1930 (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii gornykh nauk, 2000), 238. 57. M. A. Bulgakov, Rukopisi ne goriat (Moscow: Shkola-press, 1996), 580–81, 584–85. 58. Quoted in Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 106. see also N. Teptsov, “Monarkhiia pogibla, a antisemitizm ostalsia (dokumenty Informatsionnogo otdela OGPU 1920kh gg.,” Neizvestnaia Rossiia XX vek 3 (1993): 324–58. 59. Izmozik, “Evreiskii vopros,” 165–67; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 107–8. 60. Trotskii, Moia zhizn ’, 2:61–63; Chuev, Molotov , 257; Molotov’s request is in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 5446, op. 82, d. 53, ll. 1–13. 61. Kirillova and Shepeleva, “Vy,” 76–83; Abramova et al., Mezhdu , 7, 51–67.