62. V. I. Stalin, Marksizm i natsional’nyi vopros (Moscow: Politizdat, 1950), 163. On Soviet nationality policy, see Yuri Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review 53, no. 2 (Summer 1994): 414–52. For the most complete, archivally based treatment, see Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002). 63. On Jewish intermarriage and loss of Yiddish, see Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 74–76; 91–92, 96, 268–70; Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 84, 86, 128; Freitag, Nächstes Jahr , 102, 140, 248. 64. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm , 169; the Kaganovich quotation is from Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 113. 65. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 90–99, 111–22. 66. Beizer, Evrei Leningrada , 102–11; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 100–111; Vlast’ i khudozhestvennaia intelligentsiia: Dokumenty TsK RKP(b)—BKP(b), VChK-OGPU-NKVD o kul’turnoi politike, 1917–1953 , ed. Andrei Artizov and Oleg Naumov (Moscow: Demokratiia, 1999), 255–56; Pravda , May 24, 1935; Vaksberg, Stalin against the Jews , 73–77; A. Ia. Vyshinskii, Sudebnye rechi (Moscow: Iuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1948), 232–33, 246–47, 253, 261, 277–81, 288–89. 67. V. Veshnev, ed., Neodolennyi vrag: Sbornik khudozhestvennoi literatury protiv antisemitizma (Moscow: Federatsiia, 1930), 14–15, 17–18. 68. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm , 115, 31, 260, 262–63, 264, 265. 69. Quoted in L. Dymerskaia-Tsigelman, “Ob ideologicheskoi motivatsii razlichnykh pokolenii aktivistov evreiskogo dvizheniia v SSSR v 70-kh godakh,” Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve , no. 1 (1994): 66. On anti-Semitism in the old Pale, see Amir Weiner, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 273–74. 70. Izmozik, “Evreiskii vopros,” 166; Svetlana Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu (Moscow: Zakharov, 2000), 34. 71. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka , 17–18, 105–6; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD , passim; Sistema ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei v SSSR, 1923–1960: Spravochnik (Moscow: Zven’ia, 1998), 105; Pavel Sudoplatov, Razvedka i Kreml’: Zapiski nezhelatel’nogo svidetelia (Moscow: Geia, 1997); Babel’, Sochineniia , 1:128. 72. Meromskaia-Kol’kova, Nostal’giia , 43–44. 73. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika , 28–29; the English translation (used here) is in Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow of Revolution , 378–79. 74. Ulanovskie, Istoriia , 93. 75. Ibid., 96, 111–12. 76. Godley, Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship , 22–23, 51–53, 56–59; Thomas Kessner, “The Selective Filter of Ethnicity: A Half Century of Immigrant Mobility,” in The Legacy of Jewish Migration: 1881 and Its Impact , ed. David Berger (New York: Brooklyn College Press, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1983), 169–85. 77. Stephen Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot: Catholics and Jews in American Higher Education (New York: McGraw Hill, 1974), 9, 13, 15. 78. Larin, Evrei i antisemitizm , 113; Steinberg, The Academic Melting Pot , 16–31; Jerome Karabel, “Status-Group Struggle, Organizational Interests, and the Limits of Institutional Autonomy: The Transformation of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1918–1940,” Theory and Society 13, no. 1 (1984): 1–40. 79. Kessner, “The Selective Filter of Ethnicity,” 177. 80. Meyer Liben, “CCNY—A Memoir,” Commentary 40, no. 3 (September 1965): 65. 81. David A. Hollinger, Science, Jews, and Secular Culture: Studies in Mid-Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 50; Joseph Freeman, An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936), 61, 246. For a broader American context and Freeman’s place within it, see David A. Hollinger’s “Ethnic Diversity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of American Liberal Intelligentsia,” in In the American Province: