Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 56– 73, esp. 62–64. 82. An American Testament , 160–61. 83. Isaac Rosenfeld, An Age of Enormity: Life and Writing in the Forties and Fifties , ed. Theodore Solotaroff (New York: World Publishing Company, 1962), 332–33; see also Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 41. 84. Irving Howe, Steady Work: Essays in the Politics of Democratic Radicalism, 1953–1966 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), 118; on the Ulanovskys’ Jewish contacts, see esp. Ulanovskie, Istoriia , 108. 85. Bloom, Prodigal Sons , 48–49. 86. Isaac Babel, The Complete Works of Isaac Babel , ed. Nathalie Babel, trans. with notes by Peter Constantine (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 748. For the Russian original, see I. Babel’, Peterburg 1918 , ed. E. Sicher (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1989), 209. Henry Roth, Call it Sleep (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991), 145. 87. Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution , 137, 144–45. 88. Quoted in Almog, The Sabra , 64–65. 89. Ibid., 56 and passim. The Ben-Gurion quotation is from Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel , 93. See also Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998). On the Soviet Union, see Véronique Garros, Natalia Korenevskaya, and Thomas Lahusen, eds., Intimacy and Terror: Soviet Diaries of the 1930s (New York: New Press, 1995); Jochen Hellbeck, ed., Tagebuch aus Moskau, 1931–1939 (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996); Jochen Hellbeck, “Fashioning the Stalinist Soul: The Diary of Ivan Podlubnyi (1931–1939),” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas , no. 3 (1996): 344–73; “Writing the Self in the Times of Terror: The 1937 Diary of Aleksandr Afinogenov,’ in Self and Story in Russian History , ed. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000); Igal Halfin, From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in Revolutionary Russia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000). 90. Quoted in Almog, The Sabra , 75. 91. J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, eds., The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–39 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 557–60. 92. Ibid., 561. 93. Ulanovskie, Istoriia , 128–29. 94. Babel’, Sochineniia , 2:379–81. 95. Shikheeva-Gaister, Semeinaia khronika , 41–42; the English translation (used here) is in Fitzpatrick and Slezkine, In the Shadow of Revolution , 384. 96. Roziner, Serebrianaia tsepochka , 194. 97. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust , 26–27; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 132; Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire , 424–27, 432–61; Roziner, Serebrianaia tsepochka , 191–93; Weiner, Making Sense of War , 138–49. 98. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire , 311–25, 337–39; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 132. 99. N. I. Rutberg and P. N. Pidevich, Evrei i evreiskii vopros v literature sovetskogo perioda (Moscow: Grant, 2000); John Bowlt, “From the Pale of Settlement to the Reconstruction of the World,” in Tradition and Revolution: The Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Avant-Garde Art 1912–1928 , ed. Ruth Apter- Gabriel (Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1988), 43; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 137. 100. I. Stalin, Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), 13:40–41. 101. Artizov and Naumov, Vlast’ i khudozhestvenaia intelligentsiia , 132–37, 333; Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire , 451–61; Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika , 149–77; Pravda , February 1, 1936; Pravda , February 10, 1936; B. Volin, “Velikii russkii narod,” Bol’shevik , no. 9 (1938): 32–38. See also I. Trainin, “Bratstvo narodov v sotsialisticheskom gosudarstve,” Bol’shevik , no. 8 (1938): 32–46, and V. Kirpotin, “Russkaia kul’tura,” Bol’shevik , no. 12 (1938): 47–63. For a comprehensive survey, see David